Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30355536›Full record

ArticleAddictive behaviors2019

Drug use patterns and associated factors among female sex workers in Iran.

Mostafa Shokoohi, Mohammad Karamouzian, Greta R Bauer, Hamid Sharifi, Samira Hosseini Hooshyar, Ali Mirzazadeh

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Addictive behaviors, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
9.5field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Health inequities faced by sex workers.The Lancet. Public health · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.

Mostafa ShokoohiHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
Mohammad KaramouzianHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Greta R BauerDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada.
Hamid SharifiHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Samira Hosseini HooshyarHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Ali MirzazadehHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States. Electronic address: ali.mirzazadeh@ucsf.edu.
Kerman University of Medical Sciences · IRWestern University · CAUniversity of British Columbia · CAUniversity of California, San Francisco · US

Funding

Int'l Traineeships in AIDS Prevention Studies (ITAPS)R25MH064712 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI LINDAN, CHRISTINA P · 2002 to 2018
$3.4M
NIMH NIH HHS R25 MH064712
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveThis study examines the prevalence of drug and poly-drug use and their associated factors among female sex workers (FSW) in Iran.

methodsWe analyzed data from a bio-behavioral surveillance survey of 1347 FSW across 13 major cities in Iran in 2015. Two outcome measures were defined: i) past-month "any drug use", a binary variable defined as none or any; and ii) a three-category past-month "poly-drug use" variable defined as none, only one drug, and more than one drug. Correlates of these two study outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported.

resultsWe found that 24.9% (95% CI: 16.1, 36.4) and 13.5% (95% CI: 8.1, 21.5) of FSW reported past-month any drug use and poly-drug use, respectively. Longer sex work career (AOR 2.44 [95% CI: 1.28, 4.63]), unstable housing (AOR 2.56 [1.17, 5.64]), past-year experience of sexual violence (AOR 1.61 [1.15, 2.27]), and incarceration (AOR 2.02 [1.23, 3.32]) were positively associated with any drug use. Similarly, FSW who were unstably housed (AOR 3.4 [1.06, 10.95]), reported past-year experience of sexual violence (AOR 2.06 [95% CI: 1.24, 3.41]) and incarceration (AOR 2.82 [1.60, 4.97]) were positively associated with past-month poly-drug use.

conclusionDrug use is frequent among Iranian FSW, particularly among those who experienced sexual violence, unstable housing or incarceration. Programs to reduce harms associated with drug and poly-drug use should target FSW as a priority population.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultCitiesDrug UsersFemaleHumansIll-Housed PersonsIranLogistic ModelsPopulation SurveillancePrisonsRisk FactorsSex OffensesSex WorkersYoung AdultAddictive behaviorsDrug useFemale sex workersHIVIranSurveillance

Identifiers

PMID30355536
PMCPMC6324955
OpenAlexW2895019168

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.