ArticleDiabetes care2019
A Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Can Identify Patients With GAD65 Autoantibody-Positive Type 2 Diabetes Who Rapidly Progress to Insulin Therapy.
Article in Diabetes care, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Accuracy of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies for the identification of adult-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Diabetes mellitus polygenic risk scores: heterogeneity and clinical translation.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2025Review
- Early Detection of Type 1 Diabetes in First-Degree Relatives in Saudi Arabia (VISION-T1D): Protocol for a Pilot Implementation Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Scores: History, Application and Future Directions.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- Pre-Type 1 Diabetes in Adolescents and Teens: Screening, Nutritional Interventions, Beta-Cell Preservation, and Psychosocial Impacts.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Actionability of Genetic Variants in Diabetes: Core Aspects and Applied Examples.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- Article
- Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk in 109,954 Veterans With Adult-Onset Diabetes: The Million Veteran Program (MVP).Diabetes care · 2024Article
- Diabetes Study of Children of Diverse Ethnicity and Race: Study design.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2024Observational
- GAD65Abs Are Not Associated With Beta-Cell Dysfunction in Patients With T2D in the GRADE Study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024 · on this mapArticle
- The challenges of identifying and studying type 1 diabetes in adults.Diabetologia · 2023Review
- Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Risk Score Differentiates Subgroups of Ketosis-Prone Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2023Article
- Utility of genetic risk scores in type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2023Review
- Phenotypic and genetic classification of diabetes.Diabetologia · 2022Review
- C-peptide determination in the diagnosis of type of diabetes and its management: A clinical perspective.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022Review
- Type 1 diabetes in diverse ancestries and the use of genetic risk scores.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2022Review
- Polygenic risk scores: An overview from bench to bedside for personalised medicine.Frontiers in genetics · 2022Review
- Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in China.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Diabetes: Concepts of β-Cell Organ Dysfunction and Failure Would Lead to Earlier Diagnoses and Prevention.Diabetes · 2021Review
- Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adults (LADA) Is Likely to Represent a Mixed Population of Autoimmune (Type 1) and Nonautoimmune (Type 2) Diabetes.Diabetes care · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveProgression to insulin therapy in clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes is highly variable. GAD65 autoantibodies (GADA) are associated with faster progression, but their predictive value is limited. We aimed to determine if a type 1 diabetes genetic risk score (T1D GRS) could predict rapid progression to insulin treatment over and above GADA testing. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe examined the relationship between T1D GRS, GADA (negative or positive), and rapid insulin requirement (within 5 years) using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression in 8,608 participants with clinical type 2 diabetes (onset >35 years and treated without insulin for ≥6 months). T1D GRS was both analyzed continuously (as standardized scores) and categorized based on previously reported centiles of a population with type 1 diabetes (<5th [low], 5th-50th [medium], and >50th [high]).
resultsIn GADA-positive participants (3.3%), those with higher T1D GRS progressed to insulin more quickly: probability of insulin requirement at 5 years (95% CI): 47.9% (35.0%, 62.78%) (high T1D GRS) vs. 27.6% (20.5%, 36.5%) (medium T1D GRS) vs. 17.6% (11.2%, 27.2%) (low T1D GRS);
conclusionsA T1D GRS alters the clinical implications of a positive GADA test in patients with clinical type 2 diabetes and is independent of and additive to clinical features.
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