Observational studyBMC research notes2018
Observations of playground play during elementary school recess.
Observational study in BMC research notes, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Introducing the Multidimensional Toolkit for the Assessment of Play in Schools (M-TAPS): a reliability study.F1000Research · 2025Article
- Active and Passive Offline Breaks Differentially Impact the Consolidation of Procedural Motor Memories in Children and Adults.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Where the children play: Gender gaps in recess physical activity by age and playground area.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Exploring Extreme Weather and Recess Policies, Practices, and Procedures in the Canadian Context.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- The Management of Safety Situations and Assumable Risk during Transitions and Recesses in Different Types of Schools.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- An observational study of recess quality and physical activity in urban primary schools.BMC public health · 2020Observational
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe purpose of the current study was to examine reliability and validity evidence for an observational measure of playground play during recess. Observational data of what children played at recess were collected at 236 recess sessions across 26 urban elementary schools. An inductive content analysis of children's type of play and activity engagement during recess was conducted to categorize activities. Inter-rater reliability of observations was assessed at 49 points that spanned 22 unique recess periods at four different schools. Reliability data were collected during the winter and spring seasons. A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to examine differences in play and activity patterns between genders, and between schools implementing recess interventions (e.g., structured play environment) and schools with no recess intervention.
resultsResults of the content analysis yielded eight playground play and activity categories, all with high levels of inter-rater reliability (ICCs > .90). Significant differences in children's play and activity patterns emerged between genders and across recess intervention conditions. Engagement in 'sports and organized activities' and 'non-engagement in play' contributed most to the separation between boys and girls, while 'non-engagement in play' contributed most to the separation between recess intervention and non-intervention schools.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.