ArticleEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry2019
Oxidative stress and immune aberrancies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a case-control comparison.
Article in European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolomic Markers in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among Children and Adolescents-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Cortisol and inflammatory biomarker levels in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a systematic review with meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Serum β-catenin, GSK-3β, and IL-6 levels in medication-naive children with ADHD: a preliminary case-control study.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Evidence from Genetic, Biochemical, and Neuroimaging Approaches.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Inflammatory cytokine alterations in autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Review
- Redox Imbalance in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Biomarkers (2010-2025).Clinical neuropsychiatry · 2026Article
- The immune system's role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder development.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: a cross-sectional study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- The lifespan continuum of brain disorders: investigating links between neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease-chicken or egg?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Early life adversity and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Pathways to persistence and adult susceptibility.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Urinary Metabolic Biomarkers of Attentional Control in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Dimensional Approach ThroughNMR in biomedicine · 2025Article
- Enhancing NADPH to restore redox homeostasis and lysosomal function in G6PD-deficient microglia.Heliyon · 2025Article
- Assessing the Causal Relationship Between Various Immune Cells and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Mendelian Randomization Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Novel hematologic ratios and systemic inflammation index in ADHD: effects of methylphenidate treatment.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Alterations in Striatal Architecture and Biochemical Markers' Levels During Postnatal Development in the Rat Model of an Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Associations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with inflammatory diseases. Results from the nationwide German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS).Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater · 2024Article
- The Interaction Between Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Nutrition.Current nutrition reports · 2024Review
- Investigating the Impact of Nutrition and Oxidative Stress on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Studies on the association of malondialdehyde as a biomarker for oxidative stress and degree of malignancy in dogs with mammary adenocarcinomas.Veterinary medicine and science · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The objective of this study is to compare oxidative stress and immune biomarkers between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and controls without ADHD. A case-control comparison between 57 paediatric (6-12 years) untreated ADHD patients from the Antwerp University Hospital and 69 controls without ADHD from random schools in Flanders, Belgium, was conducted. Erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) and plasma lipid-soluble antioxidants (retinol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, retinyl palmitate, β-carotene, and co-enzyme Q10) were determined by HPLC with electrochemical detection, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) by HPLC with fluorescence detection, plasma cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (INF)-γ) and immunoglobulins (IgE, IgG and IgM) by flow cytometry and urinary 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels by ELISA assay. Dietary habits were determined by a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma MDA levels were on average 0.031 µM higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.05), and a trend for higher urinary 8-OHdG was observed. Erythrocyte GSH and plasma retinyl palmitate levels, as well as IgG and IgE levels, were higher in patients than in controls as well (on average 93.707 µg/ml, 0.006 µg/ml, 301.555 µg/ml and 125.004 µg/ml, resp., p < 0.05). Finally, a trend for lower plasma IL-5 levels was observed. After Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, the difference in GSH levels remained statistically significant (nominally significant for retinyl palmitate), while significance was lost for MDA, IgG and IgE levels. Dietary habits do not appear to cause the observed differences. These results point at the potential involvement of slight oxidative stress and immune disturbances in ADHD.
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