ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2019
Free Radical, Carbonyl, and Nicotine Levels Produced by Juul Electronic Cigarettes.
Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lung Damage Caused by Heated Tobacco Products and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Youth and Young Adult Use of Pod-Based Electronic Cigarettes From 2015 to 2019: A Systematic Review.JAMA pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- Electronic nicotine delivery system design and aerosol toxicants: A systematic review.PloS one · 2020Pooled it
- Atherogenic Effects of Acute Electronic Cigarette Compared With Tobacco Cigarette Smoking in People Living With HIV: A Randomized Crossover Trial.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Trial
- Arrhythmogenic effects of acute electronic cigarette compared to tobacco cigarette smoking in people living with HIV.Physiological reports · 2024Trial
- Molecular Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- E-cigarettes versus combination nicotine replacement therapy following a recent failed quit attempt: a pragmatic randomized trial through state tobacco quitlines.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Coolants, organic acids, flavourings and other additives that facilitate inhalation of tobacco and nicotine products: implications for regulation.Tobacco control · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a nomogram model for predicting infarction after superficial temporal artery‒middle cerebral artery bypass in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis.Neurosurgical review · 2025Article
- What is the Association Between Nontobacco Nicotine Dependence and Postoperative Complications in Total Hip Arthroplasty? A Large Propensity-Matched Cohort Study.Arthroplasty today · 2025Article
- Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Mouse Lungs Following Nose-Only Exposures.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Physical and Chemical Characterization of Aerosols Produced from Commercial Nicotine Salt-Based E-Liquids.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Evaluation of carbonyl collection methods in electronic cigarette aerosols.Frontiers in chemistry · 2025Article
- E-Cigarette switching and financial incentives to promote combustible cigarette cessation among adults accessing shelter services: A pilot study.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Physical and Chemical Characterization of Aerosols Produced from Experimentally Designed Nicotine Salt-Based E-Liquids.Chemical research in toxicology · 2024Article
- Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in E-Liquids and Aerosols from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS).Chemical research in toxicology · 2024Article
- Effects of Aftermarket Electronic Cigarette Pods on Device Power Output and Nicotine, Carbonyl, and ROS Emissions.Chemical research in toxicology · 2023Article
- Metal Concentrations in E-Cigarette Aerosol Samples: A Comparison by Device Type and Flavor.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Increased oxidative stress responses in murine macrophages exposed at the air-liquid interface to third- and fourth-generation electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) aerosols.Toxicology reports · 2023Article
- Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of organic compounds and heavy metals in electronic cigarettes.Scientific reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionFree radicals and carbonyls produced by electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) have the potential to inflict oxidative stress. Recently, Juul e-cigs have risen drastically in popularity; however, there is no data on nicotine and oxidant yields from this new e-cig design.
methodsAerosol generated from four different Juul flavors was analyzed for carbonyls, nicotine, and free radicals. The e-liquids were analyzed for propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) concentrations. To determine the effects of e-liquid on oxidant production, Juul pods were refilled with nicotine-free 30:70 or 60:40 PG:GLY with or without citral.
resultsNo significant differences were found in nicotine (164 ± 41 µg/puff), free radical (5.85 ± 1.20 pmol/puff), formaldehyde (0.20 ± 0.10 µg/puff), and acetone (0.20 ± 0.05 µg/puff) levels between flavors. The PG:GLY ratio in e-liquids was ~30:70 across all flavors with GLY being slightly higher in tobacco and mint flavors. In general, when Juul e-liquids were replaced with nicotine-free 60:40 PG:GLY, oxidant production increased up to 190% and, with addition of citral, increased even further.
conclusionsJuul devices produce free radicals and carbonyls, albeit, at levels substantially lower than those observed in other e-cig products, an effect only partially because of a low PG:GLY ratio. Nicotine delivery by these devices was as high as or higher than the levels previously reported from cigarettes. IMPLICATIONS: These findings suggest that oxidative stress and/or damage resulting from Juul use may be lower than that from cigarettes or other e-cig devices; however, the high nicotine levels are suggestive of a greater addiction potential.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.