ArticleJournal of applied toxicology : JAT2019
Comparison of the metabolism of 10 chemicals in human and pig skin explants.
Article in Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetic Relevance of In Vitro Skin Models: Absorption, Cutaneous Distribution, Metabolism, and Clearance-like Removal in Dermal and Transdermal Drug Testing.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Exploring UVA1-Induced Metabolic Effects in Different In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Systems.Metabolites · 2026Article
- Advancing in vitro assessment of iodide uptake inhibition: integrating a novel biotransformation pretreatment step.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Stratified quantification of targets in skin by three-dimensional Raman spectroscopic imaging.Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry · 2025Article
- Immunometabolism of Liver Xenotransplantation and Prospective Solutions.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Next generation risk assessment: anFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2021 year in review.Drug metabolism reviews · 2022Review
- Safety assessment of cosmetics by read across applied to metabolomics data of in vitro skin and liver models.Archives of toxicology · 2021Article
- Effect of 2-acetylaminofluorene and its genotoxic metabolites on DNA adduct formation and DNA damage in 3D reconstructed human skin tissue models.Mutagenesis · 2021Article
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- The effect of alcohols as vehicles on the percutaneous absorption and skin retention of ibuprofen modified with l-valine alkyl esters.RSC advances · 2020Article
- Measurement of the penetration of 56 cosmetic relevant chemicals into and through human skin using a standardized protocol.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2020Article
- Enhancement of ibuprofen solubility and skin permeation by conjugation with l-valine alkyl esters.RSC advances · 2020Article
- [Toxicological risk assessment using the example of potential contact sensitization to resorcinol].Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete · 2019Review
- Comparison of the metabolism of 10 chemicals in human and pig skin explants.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 9 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Skin metabolism is important to consider when assessing local toxicity and/or penetration of chemicals and their metabolites. If human skin supply is limited, pig skin can be used as an alternative. To identify any species differences, we have investigated the metabolism of 10 chemicals in a pig and human skin explant model. Phase I metabolic pathways in skin from both species included those known to occur via cytochrome P450s, esterases, alcohol dehydrogenases and aldehyde dehydrogenases. Common Phase II pathways were glucuronidation and sulfation but other conjugation pathways were also identified. Chemicals not metabolized by pig skin (caffeine, IQ and 4-chloroaniline) were also not metabolized by human skin. Six chemicals metabolized by pig skin were metabolized to a similar extent (percentage parent remaining) by human skin. Human skin metabolites were also detected in pig skin incubations, except for one unidentified minor vanillin metabolite. Three cinnamyl alcohol metabolites were unique to pig skin but represented minor metabolites. There were notable species differences in the relative amounts of common metabolites. The difference in the abundance of the sulfate conjugates of resorcinol and 4-amino-3-nitrophenol was in accordance with the known lack of aryl sulfotransferase activity in pigs. In conclusion, while qualitative comparisons of metabolic profiles were consistent between pig and human skin, there were some quantitative differences in the percentage of metabolites formed. This preliminary assessment suggests that pig skin is metabolically competent and could be a useful tool for evaluating potential first-pass metabolism before testing in human-derived tissues.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.