ArticlePakistan journal of medical sciences
Bacterial contamination of Pakistani currency notes from hospital and community sources.
Article in Pakistan journal of medical sciences. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Money and Microbes: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Currency Contamination.Environmental health insights · 2026Review
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of the Saudi Arabian Population Regarding Contaminated Banknotes: Implications for Infectious Disease Transmission and Analyzing the Biofilm in Wallet as a Reservoir.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2025Article
- Article
- The Rising Tide of Antibiotic Resistance: A Study on Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2024Article
- Association of exogenous factors with molecular epidemiology ofSaudi journal of biological sciences · 2023Article
- Molecular characterization and antibiogram of the carbapenemase gene variants in clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Molecular biology reports · 2022Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance inTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2022Article
- Impact of hand hygiene intervention on hand washing ability of school-aged children.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2021Article
- Multidrug-resistant Opportunistic and Pathogenic Bacteria Contaminate Algerian Banknotes Currency.Polish journal of microbiology · 2020Article
- Should we leave the paper currency? A microbiological examination.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2020Article
- Bacterial Contaminants and Antibiogram of Ghana Paper Currency Notes in Circulation and Their Associated Health Risks in Asante-Mampong, Ghana.International journal of microbiology · 2020Article
- Unusual routes for transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Recommendations to interrupt the vicious cycle of infection.Saudi journal of anaesthesiaReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveWe determined the bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistance profile of circulating Pakistani currency notes collected from hospital and community sources.
methodsThis prospective study was organized from July to December 2015 in the Microbiology Department of The Children's Hospital and The Institute of Child Health Lahore. It was done on one hundred currency notes of four different denominations collected from various groups of people in sterile polythene bags. Gram staining, colony morphology and various biochemical tests were used to identify the bacterial isolates. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was used to observe the antibacterial drug resistance.
resultsThere were 11 different types of bacterial species which contaminated 97 (97%) currency notes. The bacterial isolates discovered from paper currency notes included
conclusionThe currency notes circulating in hospital and community are contaminated with highly pathogenic and some multi-drug resistant bacteria. These currency notes could be a potential source of nosocomial and community-acquired infections.
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