ArticleVaccine2018
Epidemiologic and economic impact of pharmacies as vaccination locations during an influenza epidemic.
Article in Vaccine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of pharmacists and pharmacy team members in the prevention, preparedness, response and recovery of outbreaks - a global rapid systematic review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Expanding vaccination provider types and administration sites can increase vaccination uptake: A systematic literature review of the evidence in non-United States geographies.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Pharmacy-based immunization: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Trends and patterns of pharmacist-administered vaccination in a predominantly Western Australian pharmacy group: retrospective analysis of routinely collected data.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2026Article
- Reasons and Outcomes of Pharmacy-Initiated Communication with Medical Practices-A Flashmob Study in Germany.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Knowledge, attitudes, and willingness of community pharmacists to provide vaccination services: a web-based cross-sectional survey in Uganda.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Pharmacists' Willingness to Offer Vaccination Services: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Pharmacy-Based Influenza Vaccination: A Study of Patient Acceptance in Romania.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2024Article
- Article
- Synthetic data in health care: A narrative review.PLOS digital health · 2023Article
- Pharmacists' readiness and willingness to vaccinate the public in United Arab Emirates community pharmacies: A cross-sectional study.F1000Research · 2023Article
- Readiness and willingness of Malaysian community pharmacists in providing vaccination services.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2022Article
- Effects of Social Vulnerability and Spatial Accessibility on COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage: A Census-Tract Level Study in Milwaukee County, USA.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Community pharmacists' willingness and barriers to provide vaccination during COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- Article
- Pharmacists as immunizers in Lebanon: a national survey of community pharmacists' willingness and readiness to administer adult immunization.Human resources for health · 2021Article
- Readiness and Willingness to Provide Immunization Services after Pilot Vaccination Training: A Survey among Community Pharmacists Trained and Not Trained in Immunization during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Preparing for COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance: A United States perspective.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2020Review
- What If the Influenza Vaccine Did Not Offer Such Variable Protection?The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
- The Implementation of the Professional Role of the Community Pharmacist in the Immunization Practices in Italy to Counteract Vaccine Hesitancy.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionDuring an influenza epidemic, where early vaccination is crucial, pharmacies may be a resource to increase vaccine distribution reach and capacity.
methodsWe utilized an agent-based model of the US and a clinical and economics outcomes model to simulate the impact of different influenza epidemics and the impact of utilizing pharmacies in addition to traditional (hospitals, clinic/physician offices, and urgent care centers) locations for vaccination for the year 2017.
resultsFor an epidemic with a reproductive rate (R0) of 1.30, adding pharmacies with typical business hours averted 11.9 million symptomatic influenza cases, 23,577 to 94,307 deaths, $1.0 billion in direct (vaccine administration and healthcare) costs, $4.2-44.4 billion in productivity losses, and $5.2-45.3 billion in overall costs (varying with mortality rate). Increasing the epidemic severity (R0 of 1.63), averted 16.0 million symptomatic influenza cases, 35,407 to 141,625 deaths, $1.9 billion in direct costs, $6.0-65.5 billion in productivity losses, and $7.8-67.3 billion in overall costs (varying with mortality rate). Extending pharmacy hours averted up to 16.5 million symptomatic influenza cases, 145,278 deaths, $1.9 billion direct costs, $4.1 billion in productivity loss, and $69.5 billion in overall costs. Adding pharmacies resulted in a cost-benefit of $4.1 to $11.5 billion, varying epidemic severity, mortality rate, pharmacy hours, location vaccination rate, and delay in the availability of the vaccine.
conclusionsAdministering vaccines through pharmacies in addition to traditional locations in the event of an epidemic can increase vaccination coverage, mitigating up to 23.7 million symptomatic influenza cases, providing cost-savings up to $2.8 billion to third-party payers and $99.8 billion to society. Pharmacies should be considered as points of dispensing epidemic vaccines in addition to traditional settings as soon as vaccines become available.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.