ReviewMicroorganisms2018
Leaky Gut, Leaky Brain?
Review in Microorganisms, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 150 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
150 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 250 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The effect of group-based education on gastrointestinal symptoms and quality of life in patients with celiac disease: randomized controlled clinical trial.BMC gastroenterology · 2022Trial
- A Retrospective Analysis of the Association Between Prediabetes and Biomarkers of Intestinal Permeability in Patients with Prediabetes from Durban, South Africa.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Fructooligosaccharides Restore Gut Function and Increase Hippocampal Short-Chain Fatty Acids to Alleviate Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Mitochondrial Autophagy in rats with Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Oral Sodium Hyaluronate Reshapes Gut Microbiota Composition and Suppresses the LPS-TLR4/NF-κB Pathway to Exert Neuroprotection in MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Psychiatric Symptoms Associated with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Focused Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Review
- Role of Microbial Toxins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Insights and Future Perspectives.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Feeding of Undocked Pigs: Effects of Feed Components and Feed Composition.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Insomnia: the gut microbiome connection, prospects for probiotic and postbiotic therapies, and future directions.Journal of advanced research · 2026Review
- The Relation of Zonulin and Intestinal Fatty Acid-binding Protein with Cognitive Functions in Patients with Bipolar Disorder.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiome-Sphingolipid Metabolism-Brain Axis Interactions: Neuroprotective Effects of Amitriptyline as Functional Inhibitor of Acid Sphingomyelinase in a Mouse Model of Tauopathy.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2026Article
- The Intestinal Barrier: A Multilayered Gatekeeper Against Systemic Disease.International journal of microbiology · 2026Review
- Silver nanoparticles at sub-cytotoxic levels increase enteric pathogen invasion by compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Small-fibre neuropathy in coeliac disease: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- Celiac disease as a model of gut-brain autoimmunity: from gluten exposure to neuropsychiatric manifestations.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Review
- Honeysuckle-derived nanovesicles alleviate inflammatory bowel disease-associated neuropsychiatric disorders via the gut-brain axis.Theranostics · 2026Article
- Review
- Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles: mechanisms and molecular understanding in neurological disorders with potential therapeutic applications.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- Tetrandrine enhances cognition in SAH rats via gut microbiota CYP51 and TLR4 signaling.Scientific reports · 2025Article
90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
'Leaky gut' syndrome, long-associated with celiac disease, has attracted much attention in recent years and for decades, was widely known in complementary/alternative medicine circles. It is often described as an increase in the permeability of the intestinal mucosa, which could allow bacteria, toxic digestive metabolites, bacterial toxins, and small molecules to 'leak' into the bloodstream. Nervous system involvement with celiac disease is know to occur even at subclinical levels. Gluten and gluten sensitivity are considered to trigger this syndrome in individuals genetically predisposed to celiac disease. However, the incidence of celiac disease in the general population is quite low. Nevertheless, increased public interest in gluten sensitivity has contributed to expanded food labels stating 'gluten-free' and the proliferation of gluten-free products, which further drives gluten-free lifestyle changes by individuals without frank celiac disease. Moreover, systemic inflammation is associated with celiac disease, depression, and psychiatric comorbidities. This mini-review focuses on the possible neurophysiological basis of leaky gut; leaky brain disease; and the microbiota's contribution to inflammation, gastrointestinal, and blood-brain barrier integrity, in order to build a case for possible mechanisms that could foster further 'leaky' syndromes. We ask whether a gluten-free diet is important for anyone or only those with celiac disease.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.