Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30339302›Full record

ArticleDepression and anxiety2020

Trajectories of grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in disaster-bereaved people.

Lonneke I M Lenferink, Angela Nickerson, Jos de Keijser, Geert E Smid, Paul A Boelen

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Depression and anxiety, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
42citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

42 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Trial
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  6. Prolonged grief disorder in later life: advancing our understanding of biopsychosocial mechanisms to guide future personalized interventions.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
    Review
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  9. Prevalence rates of prolonged grief disorder are overestimated.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025
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  18. Pandemic grief in El Salvador: factors that predict dysfunctional grief due to a COVID-19 death among Salvadoran adults.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2023
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Lonneke I M LenferinkDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-1329-6413
Angela NickersonSchool of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Jos de KeijserDepartment of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Geert E SmidFoundation Centrum '45, Diemen, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-9616-5234
Paul A BoelenDepartment of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrevious latent trajectory studies in adult bereaved people have identified individual differences in reactions postloss. However, prior findings may not reflect the complete picture of distress postloss, because they were focused on depression symptoms following nonviolent death. We examined trajectories of symptom-levels of persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD), depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a disaster-bereaved sample. We also investigated associations among these trajectories and background and loss-related factors, psychological support, and previous mental health complaints.

methodsLatent class growth modeling was used to identify distinct trajectories of PCBD, depression, and PTSD symptoms in people who lost loved ones in a plane disaster in 2014. Participants (N = 172) completed questionnaires for PCBD, depression, and PTSD at 11, 22, 31, and 42 months postdisaster. Associations among class membership and background and loss-related variables, psychological support, and previous mental health complaints were examined using logistic regression analyses.

resultsTwo PCBD classes emerged: mild (81.8%) and chronic (18.2%) PCBD. For both depression and PTSD, three classes emerged: mild (85.6% and 85.2%), recovered (8.2% and 4.4%), and chronic trajectory (6.2% and 10.3%). People assigned to the chronic PCBD, depression, or PTSD class were less highly educated than people assigned to the mild/recovered classes.

conclusionsThis is the first latent trajectory study that offers insights in individual differences in longitudinal symptom profiles of PCBD, depression, and PTSD in bereaved people. We found support for differential trajectories and predictors across the outcomes.

Indexed as

BereavementDeathDisastersGriefAccidents, AviationAdultAgedAged, 80 and overDepressionFemaleHumansLatent Class AnalysisMaleMental HealthMiddle AgedStress Disorders, Post-TraumaticbereavementgriefPTSD/posttraumatic stress disorderstresstrauma

Identifiers

PMID30339302
PMCPMC7028032

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.