ArticleActa neuropathologica2018
Sex differences in Alzheimer's disease and common neuropathologies of aging.
Article in Acta neuropathologica, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 225 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
225 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 332 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elevated temporal tau PET predicts faster cognitive decline in women than men: A meta-analysis.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Pooled it
- Sex differences inFrontiers in dementia · 2025Pooled it
- A multidomain trial for cognition in women with cardiovascular disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Trial
- Sex differences in cognitive resilience in preclinical autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease carriers and non-carriers: Baseline findings from the API ADAD Colombia Trial.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2022Trial
- Late-Life Vascular Risk Score in Association With Postmortem Cerebrovascular Disease Brain Pathologies.Stroke · 2021Trial
- Global and regional amyloid-β in explaining APOE-ε4 and sex associations with medial temporal tau: a neuropathology study.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent Hippocampal Astrocytic Signaling and Synaptic Alterations Associated With Behavioral Impairments in Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin-treated Rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Associations between serum estradiol and estrone and Alzheimer's disease biomarkers: An analysis in female participants from the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia Longitudinal Cohort Study (EPAD LCS).Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Identifying sex-specific sub-phenotypes of Alzheimer's disease progression using longitudinal electronic health records.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Tau-PET and CSF MTBR-tau243 comparisons validate increased tau aggregation in females.European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- A non-canonical androgen signaling pathway drives microglial activation and tau pathology in females.Research square · 2026Article
- Sex differences in dementia pathology and cognitive performance in a population-based, ethnically diverse Brazilian autopsy study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Impact of sex differences on microglial function in Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Review
- Gender-related facilitators and barriers to participation in research on aging using fuzzy cognitive mapping.Neurobiology of aging · 2026Article
- Early, sex-dependent and progressive proteomic imbalance in the amygdala during Alzheimer´s disease continuum.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- AI guided discovery of a murine model of asymptomatic Alzheimer's disease.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Best practices for improving alignment and variant calling on human sex chromosomes.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Amyloid Pathology by Race, Ancestry, and Apolipoprotein E ε4 in an Admixed Autopsy Sample.JAMA neurology · 2026Article
- Traumatic brain injury exacerbates mitochondrial dysfunction in APP/PS1 knock-in mice through time-dependent pathways.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
165 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Alzheimer's dementia is significantly more common in women than in men. However, few pathological studies have addressed sex difference in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other brain pathologies. We leveraged postmortem data from 1453 persons who participated in one of two longitudinal community-based studies of older adults, the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Postmortem examination identified AD pathologies, neocortical Lewy bodies, DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), hippocampal sclerosis, gross and micro infarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Linear and logistic regressions examined the association of sex with each of the pathologic measures. Two-thirds of subjects were women (n = 971; 67%), with a mean age at death of 89.8 (SD = 6.6) years in women and 87.3 (SD = 6.6) in men. Adjusted for age and education, women had higher levels on a global measure of AD pathology (estimate = 0.102, SE = 0.022, p < 0.001), and tau tangle density in particular (estimate = 0.334, SE = 0.074, p < 0.001), and there was a borderline difference between women and men in amyloid-β load (estimate = 0.124, SE = 0.065, p = 0.056). In addition, compared to men, women were more likely to have more severe arteriolosclerosis (OR = 1.28, 95% CI:1.04-1.58, p = 0.018), and less likely to have gross infarcts (OR = 0.78, 95% CI:0.61-0.98, p = 0.037), although the association with gross infarct was attenuated after controlling for vascular risk factors. These data help elucidate the neuropathologic footprint of sex difference in AD and other common brain pathologies of aging.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.