ArticleScientific reports2018
Age-related waning of immune responses to BCG in healthy children supports the need for a booster dose of BCG in TB endemic countries.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Research Advances for Virus-vectored Tuberculosis Vaccines and Latest Findings on Tuberculosis Vaccine Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- A CD4+ TNF+ monofunctional memory T-cell response to BCG vaccination is associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in infants exposed to HIV.EBioMedicine · 2022Trial
- Tuberculosis Risk in the Returning Traveler: Assessing Tuberculosis Test Conversion Among Routinely Tested Patients at an Asian American Health Center.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- An ESAT-6-convergent prime-boost vaccination combining recombinant BCG expressing Mycobacterium marinum ESX-1 and ESAT-6/GLA-SE improves TB protection.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Exploring Factors Associated with Adolescent Tuberculosis in India: Evidence from the National Family Health Survey (2019-21).Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Trends and annual percentage changes in tuberculosis mortality estimated by Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analyses, Taiwan, 1978-2022.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Identification of cytokine signatures in HIV‑infected individuals with and withoutBiomedical reports · 2024Article
- Article
- BCG activation of trained immunity is associated with induction of cross reactive COVID-19 antibodies in a BCG vaccinated population.PloS one · 2024Article
- BCG revaccination in adults enhances pro-inflammatory markers of trained immunity along with anti-inflammatory pathways.iScience · 2023Article
- Key advances in vaccine development for tuberculosis-success and challenges.NPJ vaccines · 2023Review
- CXCR3 Provides a Competitive Advantage for Retention ofVaccines · 2023Article
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Tokyo-172 vaccine provides age-related neuroprotection in actively induced and spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2023Article
- A five-antigen Esx-5a fusion delivered as a prime-boost regimen protects againstFrontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Fighting Tuberculosis: In Search of a BCG Replacement.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- IL-10 Receptor Blockade Delivered Simultaneously with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Sustains Long-Term Protection againstJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2022Article
- Tuberculosis in times of COVID-19.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2022Article
- Revaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is associated with an increased risk of abscess and lymphadenopathy.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- 100 years of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Review
- A single birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine induces polyfunctional CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the absence of a more effective vaccine against TB and in the interest of developing one, it is essential to understand immune responses associated with BCG protection. We comprehensively characterized T cell populations in BCG-vaccinated children over time. Blood from 78 healthy, BCG-vaccinated children representing four age groups (<1 yr, ≥1 yr <2 yr, ≥2 yr <5 yr, ≥5 yr), was stimulated in vitro for 24 hours and 6 days with live BCG to induce effector and central memory responses. Antigen-specific CD4, CD8, γδ and regulatory T cell populations were phenotyped and intracellular and secreted cytokines measured by flow cytometry and multiplex ELISA respectively. Our results demonstrated that populations of naïve T cells predominated in infants, compared to older children. However, BCG-specific effector CD4 T cell responses were equivalent and antigen-specific CD4 T cell proliferative capacity was increased in infants compared to older children. Increases in innate immune responses including γδ T cell responses and secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines were noted with increasing age. In conclusion, we identified that the capacity to expand and differentiate effector T cells in response to BCG stimulation wanes with increasing age, which may indicate waning central memory immunity. Booster vaccination could be considered to maintain the antigen-specific central memory pool and possibly enhance the duration of protection.
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