ArticlePloS one2018
Community level antibiotic utilization in India and its comparison vis-à-vis European countries: Evidence from pharmaceutical sales data.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
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Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dramatic increase in consumption of antibiotics in Colombia, 2020-2023Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2026Article
- Review
- Harder than Metal: Challenging Antimicrobial Resistance with Metallo-β-lactamase Inhibitors.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- From lab to field: revolutionizing antibiotic detection with aptamer-based biosensors.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Article
- Evaluation of antibiotic consumption using WHO -antimicrobial consumption tool and AWaRe classification.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Longitudinal Trends in In-Patient Antibiotic Consumption According to the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) Antibiotic Groups and Cost: An Analysis of Data at a National Antimicrobial Consumption Network (NAC-NET) Site in North India over 7 Years (2017-2023).Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock: A Serious Threat to Public Health.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The Prevalence of Multidrug-ResistantIndian journal of microbiology · 2024Article
- Epidemiology of antibiotic consumption and resistance in Mauritius.Frontiers in antibiotics · 2024Article
- Article
- Retrospective Review of Blood Culture-Confirmed Cases of Enteric Fever in Navi Mumbai, India: 2014-2018.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Review
- Article
- Perceptions of effective policy interventions and strategies to address antibiotic misuse within primary healthcare in India: A qualitative study.Journal of infection prevention · 2023Article
- Trends in carbapenem resistance in Pre-COVID and COVID times in a tertiary care hospital in North India.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials · 2023Article
- Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria having extended-spectrum β-lactamase phenotypes in polluted irrigation-purpose wastewaters from Indian agro-ecosystems.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- One Health approaches adapted in low resource settings to address antimicrobial resistance.Science in One Health · 2022Review
- Article
- Antibiotic consumption in India: geographical variations and temporal changes between 2011 and 2019.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2022Article
- Consumption of systemic antibiotics in India in 2019.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
India was the largest consumer of antibiotics in 2010 in the world. Evidence suggests that countries with high per-capita antibiotic consumption have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. To control antibiotic resistance, not only reduction in antibiotic consumption is required, socio-economic factors like access to clean water and sanitation, regulation of private healthcare sector and better governance are equally important. The key objective of this research was to investigate the five year trends in consumption of major antibiotic classes in India and compare them with European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net) countries. We used Intercontinental Marketing Statistics (IMS) Health (now IQVIA) medicine sales audit data of antibiotic sales in the retail private sector (excluding the hospitals sector) in India. We then standardized dosage trends and assigned defined daily dose (DDD) to all formulations based on the ATC/DDD index. We expressed our data in standardized matrices of DDD per 1000 inhabitants' per day (DID) to compare antibiotic use in India with ESAC-Net countries. The antibiotic use was plotted and reported by year and antibiotic class. Our main findings are-per capita antibiotic consumption in the retail sector in India has increased from 13.1 DID in 2008 to 16.0 DID in 2012-an increase of ~22%; use of newer class of antibiotics like carbapenems (J01DH), lincosamides (J01FF), glycopeptides (J01XA), 3rd generation cephalosporins (J01DD) and penicillin's with beta-lactamase inhibitors has risen; and antibiotic consumption rates in India are still low as compared to ESAC-Net countries (16.0 DID vs. 21.54 DID). To conclude our study has provided the first reliable estimates of antibiotic use in the retail sector in India vis-à-vis ESAC-Net countries. In addition, our study could provide a reference point to measure the impact of interventions directed towards reducing antibiotic use.
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