ReviewFrontiers in oncology2018
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) Metastatic Disease.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Quantification of Scheduling Impact on Safety and Efficacy Outcomes of Brain Metastasis Radio- and Immuno-Therapies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Survival Outcomes in Brain Metastasis: A Time Series-Based Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Pooled it
- Clinical significance of bifocal treatment for synchronous brain metastasis in T1-2 non-small-cell lung cancers: JNETS0301.General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2021Trial
- PLP1-triggered NOT gate to address neurotoxicity risk of PSMA-targeted prostate cancer therapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Polymeric Nanoparticle-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy: A Synergistic Approach for Glioblastoma Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibition perturbs neuro-immune homeostasis and impairs cognitive function.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study.Open life sciences · 2025Article
- T cell induced expression of Coronin-1A facilitates blood-brain barrier transmigration of breast cancer cells.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Optimal Radiotherapy Strategy for Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastasis: A Retrospective Analysis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2024Article
- PD-1 blockade does not improve efficacy of EpCAM-directed CAR T-cell in lung cancer brain metastasis.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Article
- Progress in radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer.Precision radiation oncology · 2023Review
- Current Treatment of Melanoma Brain Metastases.Cancers · 2023Review
- Extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: Is prophylactic cranial irradiation necessary in the era of immunotherapy with MRI surveillance?Precision radiation oncology · 2023Article
- What is the current role of prophylactic cranial irradiation in the treatment algorithm for small cell lung cancer?Reports of practical oncology and radiotherapy : journal of Greatpoland Cancer Center in Poznan and Polish Society of Radiation Oncology · 2023Review
- Clinicopathologic and Genomic Landscape of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastases.The oncologist · 2022Article
- Off-the-shelf, steroid-resistant, IL13Rα2-specific CAR T cells for treatment of glioblastoma.Neuro-oncology · 2022Article
- Local and distant brain control in melanoma and NSCLC brain metastases with concurrent radiosurgery and immune checkpoint inhibition.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2022Article
- Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation for Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Controversial Area.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Cancer immunotherapy: A comprehensive appraisal of its modes of application.Oncology letters · 2021Review
- Clinical case of lung spindle cell carcinoma markedly responsive to pembrolizumab.Thoracic cancer · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While the CNS has long been viewed as an immune-privileged environment, a paradigm shift in neuro-immunology has elevated the role of systemic immunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic disease. Increasing knowledge regarding the presence of a CNS lymphatic system and the physical and biochemical alteration of the blood brain barrier (BBB) by the tumor microenvironment suggests immune cell trafficking in and out of the CNS is possible. Emerging clinical data suggest immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can stimulate T cells peripherally to in turn have anti-tumor effects in the CNS. For example, anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) monotherapy with pembrolizumab has shown intracranial response rates of 20-30% in patients with melanoma or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases. The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab [anti-PD-1 and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4)] showed an intracranial response rate of 55% in patients with melanoma brain metastases. More data are needed to confirm these response rates and to determine mechanisms of efficacy and resistance. While local therapies such as stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), and surgery remain current mainstays, ICIS offer potential decreased neurotoxicity. This review summarizes the biological rationale for systemic immunotherapy to treat CNS metastatic disease, existing clinical data on ICIs in this setting and ongoing clinical trials exploring areas of unmet need.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.