ReviewMultiple sclerosis and related disorders2019
Thymosins in multiple sclerosis and its experimental models: moving from basic to clinical application.
Review in Multiple sclerosis and related disorders, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single-cell analysis of skin and blood reveals systemic immune responses to ultraviolet B and their impairment in MS.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Trial
- Oral Supplementation With a Bovine Thymus Extract Reduces Neuronal Excitability in Aging Mice.FASEB bioAdvances · 2026Article
- Exploring the Molecular Tapestry: Organ-Specific Peptide and Protein Ultrafiltrates and Their Role in Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The anti-inflammatory and tolerogenic potential of small spleen peptides.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Phenotypic drug discovery: a case for thymosin alpha-1.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Thymosin β4 Alleviates Autoimmune Dacryoadenitis via Suppressing Th17 Cell Response.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Brain proteome-wide association study linking-genes in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2023Article
- Thymus Gland: A Double Edge Sword for Coronaviruses.Vaccines · 2021Review
- PASylated Thymosin α1: A Long-Acting Immunostimulatory Peptide for Applications in Oncology and Virology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Thymus-Pineal Gland Axis: Revisiting Its Role in Human Life and Ageing.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Molecular Interventions towards Multiple Sclerosis Treatment.Brain sciences · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) afflicts more than 2.5 million individuals worldwide and this number is increasing over time. Within the past years, a great number of disease-modifying treatments have emerged; however, efficacious treatments and a cure for MS await discovery. Thymosins, soluble hormone-like peptides produced by the thymus gland, can mediate immune and non-immune physiological processes and have gained interest in recent years as therapeutics in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
methodsPubmed was searched with no time constraints for articles using a combination of the keywords "thymosin/s" or "thymus factor/s" AND "multiple sclerosis", mesh terms with no language restriction.
resultsHere, we review the state-of-the-art on the effects of thymosins on MS and its experimental models. In particular, we describe what is known in this field on the roles of thymosin-α1 (Tα1) and -β4 (Tβ4) as potential anti-inflammatory as well as neuroprotective and remyelinating molecules and their mechanisms of action.
conclusionBased on the data that Tα1 and Tβ4 act as anti-inflammatory molecules and as inducers of myelin repair and neuronal protection, respectively, a possible therapeutic application in MS for Tα1 and Tβ4 alone or combined with other approved drugs may be envisaged. This approach is reasonable in light of the current clinical usage of Tα1 and data demonstrating the safety, tolerability and efficacy of Tβ4 in clinical practice.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.