SynthesisAddiction (Abingdon, England)2019
Comparison of nicotine exposure during pregnancy when smoking and abstinent with nicotine replacement therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vaping in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Pooled it
- Health providers' and pregnant women's perspectives about smoking cessation support: a COM-B analysis of a global systematic review of qualitative studies.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Pooled it
- Factors influencing the uptake and use of nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes in pregnant women who smoke: a qualitative evidence synthesis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Comparison of nicotine exposure during pregnancy when smoking and abstinent with nicotine replacement therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Pooled it
- Flavored e-cigarettes modulate embryo development, fetal growth, and potentiate early fetal demise without nicotine.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Using nicotine replacement therapy for smoking reduction in pregnancy: a qualitative study of pregnant women in the UK who smoke.BMJ open · 2024Article
- The Relationship Between Reported Daily Nicotine Dose from NRT and Daily Cigarette Consumption in Pregnant Women Who Smoke in an Observational Cohort Study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Observational
- Development of "Baby, Me, & NRT": A Behavioral Intervention to Improve the Effectiveness of Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Pregnancy.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Assessing tobacco use in Swedish young adults from self-report and urinary cotinine: a validation study using the BAMSE birth cohort.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Comparison of a Daily Smartphone App and Retrospective Questionnaire Measures of Adherence to Nicotine Replacement Therapy Among Pregnant Women: Observational Study.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Comparison of saliva cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide concentrations when smoking and after being offered dual nicotine replacement therapy in pregnancy.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Article
- Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs about Relapse Prevention Research Involving Bupropion among Current and Former Pregnant Individuals Who Smoke.Journal of smoking cessation · 2022Article
- Early Life Exposure to Nicotine: Postnatal Metabolic, Neurobehavioral and Respiratory Outcomes and the Development of Childhood Cancers.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2020Review
- Saliva cotinine concentrations in pregnant women who smoke and use nicotine patches.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Article
- Smoking cessation in pregnancy: An update for maternity care practitioners.Tobacco induced diseases · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsSmoking during pregnancy is strongly associated with negative pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Some guidelines recommend nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation during pregnancy, but adherence with NRT is generally poor and could be partially explained by nicotine-related safety concerns. We compared pregnant women's cotinine and nicotine exposures from smoking with those when they were abstinent from smoking and using NRT.
designSystematic review with meta-analysis and narrative reporting. Twelve studies were included: in most, only one type of NRT was used. Seven were quality-assessed and judge of variable quality.
settingStudies from any setting that reported nicotine or cotinine levels when smoking and later when abstinent and using NRT.
participantsPregnant women who smoked and became abstinent but used NRT either in a cessation study or in a study investigating other impacts of NRT. MEASUREMENTS: We quality-assessed longitudinal cohort studies using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. For meta-analysis, we used mean within-person differences in cotinine or nicotine levels when smoking and at later follow-up when abstinent and using NRT. Where such data were not available, we calculated differences in group mean levels and reported these narratively, indicating where data were not completely longitudinal.
findingsOf the 12 included studies, four cotinine-measuring studies (n = 83) were combined in a random effects meta-analysis; the pooled estimate for the mean difference (95% confidence intervals) in cotinine levels between when women were smoking and abstinent but using NRT was 75.3 (57.1 to 93.4) ng/ml (I
conclusionsPregnant women who use nicotine replacement therapy instead of smoking reduce their nicotine exposure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.