ArticleThe British journal of ophthalmology2019
Refractive error and visual impairment in Ireland schoolchildren.
Article in The British journal of ophthalmology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 123 citations in OpenAlex.
- Refractive Error Centile Curves for Asian and Western Children and Adolescents: An Individual Level Meta-Analysis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of clinically significant refractive error in children in Europe: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Regional variations and temporal trends of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2022Pooled it
- Estimating need and coverage for five priority assistive products: a systematic review of global population-based research.BMJ global health · 2022Pooled it
- Hyperopic reserve, early myopia risk and screening strategies in children: A multi-regional analysis from the CREAM-KIDS consortium.iScience · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Myopia in Europe: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Axial Length to Corneal Curvature Ratio is Insufficient for Detecting Pseudomyopia in Children: A Multi-Cohort Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Ocular Dominance is Associated With Interocular Asymmetry in Refractive Error and Axial Length Across Childhood and Early Adulthood.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Body Mass Index is Associated With Direction-Specific Increases in With-the-Rule Corneal and Refractive Astigmatism in Schoolchildren.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- A cross-sectional survey of myopia prevalence and its influencing factors among school children and adolescents under the double reduction policy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence and incidence of myopia and high myopia among children and adolescents in Qingdao, China (2022-2024): a longitudinal study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Myopia Among Primary and Secondary School Students - Zhejiang Province, China, 2023.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Impact of uncorrected hyperopia on visual function and academic performance in preschool and school-age children.Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry · 2026Review
- Obesity and physical activity in children with early vision problems: a secondary analysis of data from the Growing-Up in Ireland study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional study of myopia prevalence and associated risk factors among children and adolescents in Shaanxi Province, China, in 2021.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors for Myopia in Primary School Children in Madrid: A School-Based Cycloplegic Refraction Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Influence of dynamic changes of ocular biometric parameters on new-onset myopia in Chinese children: a 4-year cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence of myopia in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 14 countries.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Optimising non-cycloplegic screening strategies for early detection of pre-myopia and myopia in young children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Child Myopia Prevalence in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimTo report refractive error prevalence and visual impairment in Republic of Ireland (henceforth 'Ireland') schoolchildren.
methodsThe Ireland Eye Study examined 1626 participants (881 boys, 745 girls) in two age groups, 6-7 years (728) and 12-13 years (898), in Ireland between June 2016 and January 2018. Participating schools were selected by stratified random sampling, representing a mix of school type (primary/postprimary), location (urban/rural) and socioeconomic status (disadvantaged/advantaged). Examination included monocular logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) presenting visual acuity (with spectacles if worn) and cycloplegic autorefraction (1% Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride). Parents completed a questionnaire to ascertain participants' lifestyle.
resultsThe prevalence of myopia (spherical equivalent refraction (SER): ≤-0.50 D), hyperopia (SER: ≥+2.00 D) and astigmatism (≤-1.00 DC) among participants aged 6-7 years old was 3.3%, 25% and 19.2%, respectively, and among participants aged 12-13 years old was 19.9%, 8.9% and 15.9%, respectively. Astigmatic axes were predominately with-the-rule. The prevalence of 'better eye' presenting visual impairment (≥0.3 logMAR, with spectacles, if worn) was 3.7% among younger and 3.4% among older participants. Participants in minority groups (Traveller and non-white) were significantly more likely to present with presenting visual impairment in the 'better eye'.
conclusionsThe Ireland Eye Study is the first population-based study to report on refractive error prevalence and visual impairment in Ireland. Myopia prevalence is similar to comparable studies of white European children, but the levels of presenting visual impairment are markedly higher than those reported for children living in Northern Ireland, suggesting barriers exist in accessing eye care.
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