Observational studyMedicine2018
Gross motor proficiency and intellectual functioning: A comparison among children with Down syndrome, children with borderline intellectual functioning, and typically developing children.
Observational study in Medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Balance control in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Therapeutic exercise to improve motor function among children with Down Syndrome aged 0 to 3 years: a systematic literature review and meta‑analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Test-retest reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 instrument for children with Down syndrome.African journal of disability · 2026Article
- Improving coordination, proprioception, balance and motor proficiency in Down syndrome with developmental games.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Altered motor coordination, vocal communication, and cerebellar circuit connectivity in mice carrying a near-complete human chromosome 21.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Trisomy 21 Alters Motor Coordination, Vocal Communication, and Cerebellar Circuit Connectivity in the TcMAC21 Mouse.Research square · 2025Article
- Associations between motor competence and physical activity levels of children with intellectual disabilities and/or autism spectrum disorder: Movement matters.Journal of intellectual disabilities : JOID · 2024Article
- Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities in Down Syndrome: Assessing Structural and Functional Deficits.Cureus · 2024Review
- Structural modeling of EFL/ESL teachers' physical activity, mental health, psychological well-being, and self-efficacy.BMC psychology · 2023Article
- Effects of intervention integrating physical literacy into active school recesses on physical fitness and academic achievement in Chinese children.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2023Article
- Fundamental motor skill proficiency among 7- to 10-year-old children with Down syndrome.Journal of physical therapy science · 2023Article
- Participation, challenges and needs in children with down syndrome during cancer treatment at hospital: a qualitative study of parents' experiences.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2023Article
- Does the combination of physical activity and attention training affect the motor skills and cognitive activities of individuals with mild intellectual disability?International journal of developmental disabilities · 2023Article
- Associations between Fundamental Movement Skills and Moderate-to-Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity among Chinese Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Motor Coordination and Global Development in Subjects with Down Syndrome: The Influence of Physical Activity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Gross motor dysfunction and balance impairments in children and adolescents with Down syndrome: a systematic review.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2022Article
- Motor Competence in Individuals with Down Syndrome: Is an Improvement Still Possible in Adulthood?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Effects of Resistance Training on Physical Fitness and Neuromotor-Cognitive Functions in Adults With Down Syndrome.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2022Article
- Comparison of Lower and Upper Quarter Y Balance Test Performance in Adolescent Students with Borderline Intellectual Functioning Compared to Age- and Sex-Matched Controls.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The Test-Retest Reliability of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in Youth with Down Syndrome-A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examines differences in gross motor proficiency as a function of different intellectual functioning profiles. Two motor areas have been investigated as being equally essential to gross motor functions in every-day life: locomotion and object control.It aims to compare gross motor skills endorsed by children with Down syndrome (DS), children with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF), and typically developing children (TDC).Group 1 was composed of 18 children with DS (chronological age = 8.22), group 2 was composed of 18 children with BIF (chronological age = 9.32), and group 3 was composed of 18 children with typical development (TD) (chronological age = 9.28).Gross motor skills were measured through the test of gross motor development (TGMD-Test) composed of locomotion and object control tasks.Children with DS showed worse gross motor skills compared with children with BIF and typically developing children by underscoring both on all locomotion (e.g., walking, running, hopping, galloping, jumping, sliding, and leaping) and all object control tasks (e.g., throwing, catching, striking, bouncing, kicking, pulling, and pushing).In DS group strengths were found on run and slide skills, in BIF group strengths were on run, long jump and slide skills and in TDC group strengths were on run and slide skills. For all of the 3 groups the locomotor worst performed task was jump forward with arm swing.Findings suggest implications for further practice to develop evidence-based exercise programs aimed to rehabilitate gross motor skills through the regular participation in structured exercise activities.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.