ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2019
Smoking and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Sub-Classified by Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells.
Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of smoking-related features and 731 immune cell phenotypes on esophageal cancer: a two-sample and mediated Mendelian randomized study.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Cigarette smoking and long-term incidence of colorectal cancer subclassified by tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells: A prospective cohort study.Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) · 2026Article
- Smoking promotes colorectal cancer via the CKAP2L/AREG axis.International journal of oncology · 2026Article
- Unique role of the prospective cohort incident-tumor biobank method in etiological research.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Review
- Smoking, alcohol, and colon cancer survival are modified by immune biomarkers: a population-representative study.Carcinogenesis · 2025Article
- The early-onset cancer epidemics: evidence synthesis using the prospective cohort incident-tumor biobank method.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Review
- Article
- Effect of smoking on the risk of gastrointestinal cancer after cholecystectomy: A national population-based cohort study.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2024Article
- Identification of potential mediators of the relationship between body mass index and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Dietary Patterns and Lifestyle Factors Associated with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study among Malaysians.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2024Article
- Disparity in trends and characteristics of early onset colorectal cancer: analysis from the National Inpatient Sample, 2016 to 2021.Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) · 2024Article
- Dissecting the pathogenic effects of smoking and its hallmarks in blood DNA methylation on colorectal cancer risk.British journal of cancer · 2023Article
- Genome-wide Interaction Study with Smoking for Colorectal Cancer Risk Identifies Novel Genetic Loci Related to Tumor Suppression, Inflammation, and Immune Response.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Lifetime Exposure to Cigarette Smoke and Risk of Ovarian Cancer by T-cell Tumor Immune Infiltration.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Association of cigarette smoking with risk of colorectal cancer subtypes classified by gut microbiota.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Article
- Proceedings of the fifth international Molecular Pathological Epidemiology (MPE) meeting.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2022Article
- Article
- Review
- Article
- Smoking and Incidence of Colorectal Cancer Subclassified by Tumor-Associated Macrophage Infiltrates.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedCorrigendum.2019
Authors and funding
26 authors at 11 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Evidence indicates not only carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoking but also its immunosuppressive effect. We hypothesized that the association of smoking with colorectal cancer risk might be stronger for tumors with lower anti-tumor adaptive immune response. Methods: During follow-up of 134 981 participants (3 490 851 person-years) in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we documented 729 rectal and colon cancer cases with available data on T-cell densities in tumor microenvironment. Using the duplication-method Cox regression model, we examined a differential association of smoking status with risk of colorectal carcinoma subclassified by densities of CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD45RO (PTPRC)+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: The association of smoking status with colorectal cancer risk differed by CD3+ cell density (Pheterogeneity = .007). Compared with never smokers, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for CD3+ cell-low colorectal cancer were 1.38 (95% confidence interval = 1.09 to 1.75) in former smokers and 1.59 (95% confidence interval = 1.14 to 2.23) in current smokers (Ptrend = .002, across smoking status categories). In contrast, smoking status was not associated with CD3+ cell-high cancer risk (Ptrend = .52). This differential association appeared consistent in strata of microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, or BRAF mutation status. There was no statistically significant differential association according to densities of CD8+ cells, CD45RO+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells (Pheterogeneity > .04, with adjusted α of 0.01). Conclusions: Colorectal cancer risk increased by smoking was stronger for tumors with lower T-lymphocyte response, suggesting an interplay of smoking and immunity in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.