ArticleClinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology2018
Breastfeeding duration modifies the effect of smoking during pregnancy on eczema from early childhood to adolescence.
Article in Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of maternal smoking, breastfeeding, and multiple birth with irritable bowel syndrome in older adults: a UK Biobank cohort study.Gastroenterology report · 2025Article
- Infant factors that impact the ecology of human milk secretion and composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 3.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Review
- Maternal smoking around birth may lower the protective effects of breastfeeding on anxiety, depression and neuroticism in adult offspring: a UK biobank study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Article
- Prenatal Maternal Risk Factors Contributing to Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.Annals of dermatology · 2023Article
- Association of prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter pollution with childhood eczema.Allergy · 2021Article
- Associations of gestational and the first year of life exposure to ambient air pollution with childhood eczema in Hubei, China.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCigarette smoke contains compounds similar to coal tar, an ancient remedy of eczema. Some studies have reported protective effects of maternal gestational smoking on offspring eczema; however, others have shown no or increased risks. Similarly, studies linking breastfeeding duration and eczema have demonstrated contradictory findings. No study has yet investigated combined effects of these two factors on eczema.
objectiveSince tobacco compounds can pass to offspring via breast milk, we investigated their combined effects on eczema development from childhood to adolescence.
methodsWe obtained information regarding gestational smoking, exclusive breastfeeding duration, and eczema at ages 1-or-2, 4, 10, and 18 years from the Isle of Wight (IOW) birth cohort, UK. Using generalized estimating equations, we assessed the interaction of gestational smoking and residual exclusive breastfeeding duration (Resid-BF-duration, obtained by regressing the latter on maternal smoking) on eczema over time adjusting for confounders. For the three transition periods of 1-or-2 to 4 years, 4-10, and 10-18 years, we estimated risks of persistent, incident, and remitting eczema associated with the interaction using repeated measurements.
resultsIf the mother smoked during gestation, longer Resid-BF-duration was associated with a lower risk of eczema, compared to if she did not smoke. The risk ratios (95% CI) if the mother smoked during gestation and exclusively breastfed for at least 3, 9, 15, 21 weeks are 0.7 (0.6, 1.7), 0.6 (0. 4, 0.9), 0.5 (0.3, 0.8), and 0.4 (0.2, 0. 8), respectively. Additionally, in all three transition periods, the risk of persistent eczema was lower with longer Resid-BF-duration if the mother smoked during gestation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest a protective effect of gestational smoking combined with longer duration of exclusive breastfeeding on early-onset persistent eczema. Future studies should examine underlying biological mechanisms. Prolonged breastfeeding should be encouraged even if the mother smoked during gestation.
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