ArticleScientific reports2018
The Impact of Caesarean Section on the Risk of Childhood Overweight and Obesity: New Evidence from a Contemporary Cohort Study.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Elective Cesarean Section on Children's Obesity From Birth to Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2021Pooled it
- Pediatrics Consequences of Caesarean Section-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Pooled it
- Trial
- Ultra-Processed Foods in Early Life: Biological Mechanisms, Developmental Programming and Childhood Obesity-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Cesarean section-induced changes in the gut microbiota facilitate metabolic disease in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.Microbiome · 2026Article
- Evidence for a perinatal origin of childhood obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of risk and protective factors.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2026Article
- Caesarean deliveries and double burden of malnutrition: a multicountry analysis in South and Southeast Asia.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Modified neuroimmune processes and emotional behaviour in weaned and late adolescent male and female mice born via caesarean section.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The duration of spinal anaesthesia in elective caesarean section in Trendelenburg and reverse Trendelenburg positions: a randomized clinical trial.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Pre-labor and post-labor cesarean delivery and early childhood adiposity in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) Cohort Study.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2024Article
- Article
- A Higher Maternal Education Level Could Be a Critical Factor in the Exceeded Cesarean Section Delivery in Indonesia.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Article
- Evaluating the association between caesarean delivery and weight status in early childhood in a Japanese birth cohort study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Caesarean section and childhood obesity at age 3 years derived from the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Association of infant weight at one year of age with the mode of delivery: A case-control study in Primary Health Care Centers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2023Article
- Crucial nuances in understanding (mis)associations between the neonatal microbiome and Cesarean delivery.Trends in molecular medicine · 2022Review
- Metabolomic profiling of stool of two-year old children from the INSIGHT study reveals links between butyrate and child weight outcomes.Pediatric obesity · 2022Article
- Paeonol suppresses lipid formation and promotes lipid degradation in adipocytes.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2022Article
- The association of cesarean section with overweight and neurodevelopment of Chinese children aged 1-5 months.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
- Early-life gut microbiota and its connection to metabolic health in children: Perspective on ecological drivers and need for quantitative approach.EBioMedicine · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Caesarean section (CS) rates are increasing globally and exceed 50% in some countries. Childhood obesity has been linked to CS via lack of exposure to vaginal microflora although the literature is inconsistent. We investigated the association between CS birth and the risk of childhood obesity using the nationally representative Growing-Up-in-Ireland (GUI) cohort. The GUI study recruited randomly 11134 infants. The exposure was categorised into normal vaginal birth (VD) [reference], assisted VD, elective (planned) CS and emergency (unplanned) CS. The primary outcome measure was obesity defined according to the International Obesity Taskforce criteria. Statistical analysis included multinomial logistic regression with adjustment for potential confounders. Infants delivered by elective CS had an adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) = 1.32; [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.74] of being obese at age three years. This association was attenuated when macrosomic children were excluded (aRRR = 0.99; [95% CI 0.67-1.45]). Infants delivered by emergency CS had an increased risk of obesity aRRR = 1.56; [95% CI 1.20-2.03]; this association remained after excluding macrosomic children. We found insufficient evidence to support a causal relationship between elective CS and childhood obesity. An increased risk of obesity in children born by emergency CS, but not elective, suggests that there is no causal effect due to vaginal microflora.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.