ArticleScientific reports2018
The effect of breastmilk and saliva combinations on the in vitro growth of oral pathogenic and commensal microorganisms.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Breastfeeding infants with CHD: an evidence summary and recommendations from the Cardiac Newborn Neuroprotective Network, a special interest group of the Cardiac Neurodevelopmental Outcome Collaborative.Cardiology in the young · 2025Guideline
- Informal Human Milk Sharing: The Experiences and Practices of Informal Human Milk Sharing in Ireland.Maternal & child nutrition · 2026Article
- Oral microbiota assessment at different time points during the first year of life: delivery mode and breastfeeding shape the bacterial community.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Beyond breastfeeding: a One Health Decalogue for nurturing the infant microbiota.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Streptococcus mutans Growth Inhibition by the Probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG as an Additive to Infant Formula.International journal of paediatric dentistry · 2026Article
- A Comparative Analysis of Feeding Practices and Oral Immunity in Infants.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- First-year dynamics of the anaerobic microbiome and archaeome in infants' oral and gastrointestinal systems.mSystems · 2025Article
- Human oral microbiome and its influence on mental health and brain disorders.AIMS microbiology · 2025Review
- Breast milk-saliva interactions in shaping early mucosal immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Primary succession of Bifidobacteria drives pathogen resistance in neonatal microbiota assembly.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Properties of Colostrum and Milk.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Influence of maternal oral microbiome on newborn oral microbiome in healthy pregnancies.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolism in Early Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease.Circulation research · 2023Review
- Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Oral Microbiota: Community Composition, Influencing Factors, Pathogenesis, and Interventions.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Impact of Oropharyngeal Administration of Colostrum in Preterm Newborns' Oral Microbiome.Nutrients · 2021Observational
- Racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast milk feedings in US neonatal intensive care units.Pediatric research · 2021Review
- Immunomodulation of tahneeq method in IL-12 and CD8+ T-Lymphocyte, an in-vivo study in neonatal rats.Saudi journal of biological sciences · 2020Article
- Xanthine oxidase-lactoperoxidase system and innate immunity: Biochemical actions and physiological roles.Redox biology · 2020Review
- Oral microbiome: possible harbinger for children's health.International journal of oral science · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Neonates are exposed to microbes in utero and at birth, thereby establishing their microbiota (healthy microbial colonisers). Previously, we reported significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies after first discovering a primal metabolic mechanism that occurs when breastmilk (containing the enzyme xanthine oxidase) and neonatal saliva (containing highly elevated concentrations of the substrates for xanthine oxidase: xanthine and hypoxanthine). The interaction of neonatal saliva and breast milk releases antibacterial compounds including hydrogen peroxide, and regulates the growth of bacteria. Using a novel in vitro experimental approach, the current study compared the effects of this unique metabolic pathway on a range of bacterial species and determined the period of time that microbial growth was affected. We demonstrated that microbial growth was inhibited predominately, immediately and for up to 24 hr following breastmilk and saliva mixing; however, some microorganisms were able to recover and continue to grow following exposure to these micromolar amounts of hydrogen peroxide. Interestingly, growth inhibition was independent of whether the organisms possessed a catalase enzyme. This study further confirms that this is one mechanism that contributes to the significant differences in the neonatal oral microbiota of breast-fed and formula-fed babies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.