ArticlePharmaceutical research2018
In Vitro Skin Retention and Drug Permeation through Intact and Microneedle Pretreated Skin after Application of Propranolol Loaded Microemulsions.
Article in Pharmaceutical research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Hydrogel Versus Alternative Vehicles for (Trans)dermal Delivery of Propranolol Hydrochloride-In Vitro and Ex Vivo Studies.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Understanding Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions in (Trans)Dermal Delivery.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2025Review
- Research progress and strategy of FGF21 for skin wound healing.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Recent Advances in Propranolol Hydrochloride Formulations for the Treatment of Infantile Hemangiomas.Drug design, development and therapy · 2025Review
- Tailored 3D Agarose-Well Integrated with Human Skin Equivalents for Enhanced Skin Penetration Assessment.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Nanoclay-Based Composite Films for Transdermal Drug Delivery: Development, Characterization, and in silico Modeling and Simulation.International journal of nanomedicine · 2022Article
- Microneedle Arrays Combined with Nanomedicine Approaches for Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutics.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Nanomaterial Lipid-Based Carrier for Non-Invasive Capsaicin Delivery; Manufacturing Scale-Up and Human Irritation Assessment.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Improved Biosafety and Transdermal Delivery of Aconitine via Diethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether-Mediated Microemulsion Assisted with Microneedles.Pharmaceutics · 2020Article
- Percutaneous Delivery of Antihypertensive Agents: Advances and Challenges.AAPS PharmSciTech · 2020Review
- Effect of dosing regimen and microneedle pretreatment on in vitro skin retention of topically applied beta-blockers.Biomedical microdevices · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTopical beta-blockers are efficacious for treating infantile hemangiomas, but no formulations have been specifically optimized for skin delivery. Our objective was to quantify skin concentrations and drug permeation of propranolol (a nonselective beta-blocker) after application of microemulsions to intact and microneedle pretreated skin.
methodsFour propranolol-loaded microemulsions were characterized for droplet size, surface charge, conductivity, pH, drug solubility, and drug release. Skin concentrations and drug permeation through skin were quantified using LC-MS. Skin-to-receiver ratios were used to compare the microemulsion formulations to a drug-in-PBS solution.
resultsPropranolol solubility was significantly greater in microemulsions vs PBS. Cumulative drug release from the microemulsions over 24 h ranged from 13 to 26%. Skin concentrations and drug permeation through intact skin was significantly higher from PBS; however, the skin-to-receiver ratios were significantly higher for water-rich microemulsions compared to PBS or surfactant-rich microemulsions. Microneedle pretreatment significantly increased skin concentrations for all formulations. Skin-to-receiver ratios significantly increased after microneedle pretreatment for surfactant-rich microemulsions.
conclusionsMicroemulsion formulation can be altered to elicit different drug delivery profiles through MN-treated skin. This could be advantageous for maximizing local skin drug concentrations and improving dosing schedules for infantile hemangioma treatment.
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Registered trials
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