ArticleScientific reports2018
Replacing the Draize eye test: Impedance spectroscopy as a 3R method to discriminate between all GHS categories for eye irritation.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of type IV pilus in the interaction ofInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Review
- Non-invasive in vitro NAM for the detection of reversible and irreversible eye damage after chemical exposure for GHS classification purposes (ImAi).Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- A Bioengineered Model of the Human Cornea for Preclinical Assessment of Human Ocular Exposure to Environmental Toxicants.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- ReBiA-Robotic Enabled Biological Automation: 3D Epithelial Tissue Production.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Impedance-based in vitro eye irritation testing enables the categorization of diluted chemicals.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Full thickness 3D in vitro conjunctiva model enables goblet cell differentiation.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Tissue Engineered Mini-Cornea Model for Eye Irritation Test.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2023Article
- Tissue Models forFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Highly invasive animal based test procedures for risk assessment such as the Draize eye test are under increasing criticism due to poor transferability for the human organism and animal-welfare concerns. However, besides all efforts, the Draize eye test is still not completely replaced by alternative animal-free methods. To develop an in vitro test to identify all categories of eye irritation, we combined organotypic cornea models based on primary human cells with an electrical readout system that measures the impedance of the test models. First, we showed that employing a primary human cornea epithelial cell based model is advantageous in native marker expression to the primary human epidermal keratinocytes derived models. Secondly, by employing a non-destructive measuring system based on impedance spectroscopy, we could increase the sensitivity of the test system. Thereby, all globally harmonized systems categories of eye irritation could be identified by repeated measurements over a period of 7 days. Based on a novel prediction model we achieved an accuracy of 78% with a reproducibility of 88.9% to determine all three categories of eye irritation in one single test. This could pave the way according to the 3R principle to replace the Draize eye test.
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Registered trials
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