ReviewSeminars in immunopathology2019
Sex and sex steroids impact influenza pathogenesis across the life course.
Review in Seminars in immunopathology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Androgens protect ILC2S from functional suppression during influenza virus infection.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Gender differences and psychosocial stress in upper respiratory tract infections: insights from healthy and hematological cancer cohorts.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the long-term tolerability of BNT162b2 in children and adolescents.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- The impact of viral and host factors on the influenza A virus transmission bottleneck.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Association of hormone therapy and outcomes in COVID-19.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Understanding Sex Differences in Autoimmune Diseases: Immunologic Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Pre-COVID-19 epidemiology of community respiratory viruses at a single US center reveals sex differences in influenza A and a higher ICU incidence of human metapneumovirus in the elderly population.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Estrogen influences class-switched memory B cell frequency only in humans with two X chromosomes.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Article
- Estrogen and viral infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Improving reproducibility and translational potential of mouse models: lessons from studying leishmaniasis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Spatiotemporal trends in severe complicated influenza among the local population in Taiwan region, 2003-2023.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- The conneXion between sex and immune responses.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2024Review
- Mathematical Modeling Suggests That Monocyte Activity May Drive Sex Disparities during Influenza Infection.Viruses · 2024Article
- Sex Differences in the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- H7N7 viral infection elicits pronounced, sex-specific neuroinflammatory responsesFrontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Article
- Cannabis smoke suppresses antiviral immune responses to influenza A in mice.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Disease parameters following ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection are similar in male and female BALB/C mice.PloS one · 2023Article
- My story of sex, gender, and women's health in a pandemic.Immunological reviews · 2022Review
- Longitudinal surveillance of influenza in Japan, 2006-2016.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease - Insights From the CLAVIS-COVID Registry.Circulation reports · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Males and females differ in the outcome of influenza A virus (IAV) infections, which depends significantly on age. During a typical seasonal influenza epidemic, young children (< 10 years of age) and aged adults (65+ years of age) are at greatest risk for severe disease, and among these age groups, males tend to suffer a worse outcome from IAV infection than females. Following infection with either pandemic or outbreak strains of IAVs, females of reproductive ages (i.e., 15-49 years of age) experience a worse outcome than their male counterparts. Among females of reproductive ages, pregnancy is one factor linked to an increased risk of severe outcome of influenza, although it is not the sole factor explaining the female-preponderance of severe disease. Small animal models of influenza virus infection illustrate that inflammatory immune responses and repair of damaged tissue following IAV infection also differ between the sexes and impact the outcome of infection. There also is growing evidence that sex steroid hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone, directly impact immune responses during IAV infection to alter outcomes. Greater consideration of the combined effects of sex and age as biological variables in epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies of influenza pathogenesis is needed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.