ArticleIndian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine
Nicotine Dependence, Its Risk Indicators, and Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Levels among the Smokers in Bengaluru, India.
Article in Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Validity of the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence among persons with intellectual disabilities: Cross-sectional evidence from the POWER PID study.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the effects of addiction levels and physical activity capacities of smokers on exhaled carbon monoxide level.Primary health care research & development · 2025Article
- Assessment of nicotine dependence among tobacco users in a rural area of Salem, Tamilnadu: Community based cross sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Smoked tobacco dependence and its correlates among participants attending life skills training and counselling services programme across Karnataka (2017-2022).Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2023Article
- Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Level and Practices among Tobacco and Nicotine Adult Users in Klang Valley, Malaysia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Oral Mucosal Lesions' propensity as an Outcome Eventuated by Exhaled Carbon Monoxide (CO) Levels and Nicotine Dependency.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2021Observational
- Prevalence and dependency of tobacco use among tribal gypsies in Thoothukudi district - A cross sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2021Article
- Tobacco use and nicotine dependence among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Ballabgarh tuberculosis unit, Haryana.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2020Article
- Prevalence of Physical Nicotine Dependence and its Determinants among Tobacco users in the Rural Field Practice Area of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tamil Nadu, India.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social MedicineArticle
- Factors Associated with Intention and Attempt to Quit: A Study among Current Smokers in a Rural Community of West Bengal.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social MedicineArticle
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
backgroundTobacco is the significant cause of preventable death worldwide. The prevalence of smoking in India is 13.3%. Among the chemical constituents in the cigarette, nicotine is the one most often associated with dependence resulting in increased consumption of them. Studies have proven the dose-dependent relationship of cigarette smoking with lung and oropharyngeal cancer. Hence, assessment of nicotine dependence among the smokers is essential as it influences the tailor-made intervention.
objectivesThe objectives of this study were to assess the nicotine dependence and exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) levels among the smokers in Bengaluru. MATERIALS AND
methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among 396 smokers selected using probability proportional to size sampling technique. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence was used to assess the levels of nicotine dependence. Exhaled CO levels were measured using the Smokerlyzer to indicate the nicotine dependence.
resultsAbout 23.7% of the participants had the very low dependence on nicotine. Nearly 26% and 22.5% of the participants had the high and very high dependence on nicotine correspondingly. The number of years of smoking was found as a significant risk indicator for nicotine dependence. Exhaled CO levels were significantly correlated with the nicotine dependence (
conclusionThe high nicotine dependence among the participants warrants effective public health policies to prevent tobacco-related diseases. Considering the risk indicator, the number of years of smoking, smoking cessation programs should target the participants with the habit of continuous smoking with tailor-made interventions to prevent the relapse among them.
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