SynthesisBMJ open2018
Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 150 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
150 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Risk of Liver Cancer From Major Causes Compared to Smoking and Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Pooled it
- Evaluating eight smoking metrics for modelling survival in non-small cell lung cancer.Cancer epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative disease risks associated with cigarette smoking and use of moist smokeless tobacco and snus: an umbrella review of epidemiological evidence from the United States and Western Europe.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Opioid use and the risk of cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Association between second-hand smoke exposure and lung cancer risk in never-smokers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Pooled it
- Construction and case study of a novel lung cancer risk index.BMC cancer · 2022Pooled it
- Tobacco Smoking and Risk of Second Primary Lung Cancer.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2021Pooled it
- Smoking and risk of sleep-related issues: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2020Pooled it
- Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss Are Associated with Lung Cancer Risk.BioMed research international · 2020Pooled it
- Association between serum zinc levels and lung cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies.World journal of surgical oncology · 2019Pooled it
- Sex-specific associations of the bilirubin-to-albumin ratio with lung cancer risk: evidence from Cox regression and causal survival forest analysis.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Bidirectional genetic and phenotypic links between smoking and striatal iron content involving dopaminergic and inflammatory pathways.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Total body irradiation and smoking interact to increase lung cancer risk after blood or marrow transplantation.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Incidence of AIDS-Defining Illness by Cancer Status in an Observational Study Among Medicaid Beneficiaries Living With HIV in the United States, 2001-2015.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2026Observational
- Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in preventable lung cancer mortality in three major Spanish cities of the Valencian Community, 2000-2015.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Lung Cancer Screening in a Population from Northeast Italy Exposed to Both Asbestos and Smoking: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Female-specific risk factors for lung cancer: insights from the All of Us Research Program.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Vape-Associated lncRNA Transcript 1 (VALT1) Amplifies the Tumorigenic Effects of e-Cigarette Vapor in Lung Epithelial Cells.Non-coding RNA · 2026Article
- Lung Cancer Risk Factors Beyond Smoking in Ethiopia: A Multicenter Matched Case-Control Study.Cancers · 2026Article
- Lifetime risk of cancer in carriers of intermediate alleles in the HTT gene.Scientific reports · 2026Article
90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate the sex-specific association between smoking and lung cancer.
designSystematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES: We searched PubMed and EMBASE from 1 January 1999 to 15 April 2016 for cohort studies. Cohort studies before 1 January 1999 were retrieved from a previous meta-analysis. Individual participant data from three sources were also available to supplement analyses of published literature. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES: Cohort studies reporting the sex-specific relative risk (RR) of lung cancer associated with smoking.
resultsData from 29 studies representing 99 cohort studies, 7 million individuals and >50 000 incident lung cancer cases were included. The sex-specific RRs and their ratio comparing women with men were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis with inverse-variance weighting. The pooled multiple-adjusted lung cancer RR was 6.99 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 5.09 to 9.59) in women and 7.33 (95% CI 4.90 to 10.96) in men. The pooled ratio of the RRs was 0.92 (95% CI 0.72 to 1.16; I
conclusionsSmoking yields similar risks of lung cancer in women compared with men. However, these data may underestimate the true risks of lung cancer among women, as the smoking epidemic has not yet reached full maturity in women. Continued efforts to measure the sex-specific association of smoking and lung cancer are required.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.