Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30286445›Full record

ArticlePsychoneuroendocrinology2019

Racial discrimination, educational attainment, and biological dysregulation among midlife African American women.

Amani M Allen, Marilyn D Thomas, Eli K Michaels, Alexis N Reeves, Uche Okoye, Melisa M Price, Rebecca E Hasson, S Leonard Syme, David H Chae

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
66citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
12.0field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

66 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 115 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Area-level racial prejudice and health: A systematic review.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2022
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Motivated by mortality:Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Weathering the STORM and Forecasting Equity for Older Black Women: Expanding Social Determinants of Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
    Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Radical Imagination: An Afrofuturism and Creative Aging Program for Black Women's Brain Health and Wellness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025
    Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Biomarkers of racism-based stress injury: A feasibility and correlation study.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2025
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Amani M AllenDivisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA. Electronic address: anjeter@berkeley.edu.
Marilyn D ThomasDivision of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA. Electronic address: Marilyn.thomas@berkeley.edu.
Eli K MichaelsDivision of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA. Electronic address: elikmichaels@berkley.edu.
Alexis N ReevesDivision of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA. Electronic address: alexisnicolereeves@berkeley.edu.
Uche OkoyeDivision of Community Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA. Electronic address: uchookoye@berkeley.edu.
Melisa M PriceDivision of Community Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA. Electronic address: melisa.price@ucsf.edu.
Rebecca E HassonSchools of Kinesiology and Public Health, University of Michigan, 2110 Observatory Lodge/1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2029, USA. Electronic address: hassonr@umich.edu.
S Leonard SymeDivisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7360, USA. Electronic address: slsyme@berkeley.edu.
David H ChaeDepartment of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, 210 Spidle Hall, Auburn, GA, 36849, USA. Electronic address: david.chae@auburn.edu.
Berkeley Public Health Division · USUniversity of California, Berkeley · USAuburn University · USUniversity of Michigan–Ann Arbor · US

Funding

SF BUILD: Enabling Students to Represnt in ScienceUL1GM118985 · NIGMS · SAN FRANCISCO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI MARQUEZ-MAGANA, LETICIA MARIA, MORRIS, MEGHAN D · 2015 to 2023
$18.2M
Social Interventions to address disparities In young adult tobacco useP60MD006902 · NIMHD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI BIBBINS-DOMINGO, KIRSTEN · 2012 to 2016
$6.4M
NIGMS NIH HHS UL1 GM118985NIMHD NIH HHS P60 MD006902
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo examine the association between self-reported racial discrimination and allostatic load, and whether the association differs by socioeconomic position.

methodsWe recruited a purposive cross-section of midlife (ages 30-50) African American women residing in four San Francisco Bay area counties (n = 208). Racial discrimination was measured using the Experience of Discrimination scale. Allostatic load was measured as a composite of 15 biomarkers assessing cardiometabolic, neuroendocrine, and inflammatory activity. We calculated four composite measures of allostatic load and three system-specific measures of biological dysregulation. Multivariable regression was used to examine associations, while adjusting for relevant confounders.

resultsIn the high education group, reporting low (b = -1.09, P = .02, 95% CI = -1.99, -0.18) and very high (b = -1.88, P = .003, 95% CI = -3.11, -0.65) discrimination was associated with lower allostatic load (reference=moderate). Among those with lower education, reporting low (b = 2.05, P = .008, 95% CI = 0.55,3.56) discrimination was associated with higher allostatic load. Similar but less consistent associations were found for poverty status. Associations were similar for cardiometabolic functioning, but not for neuroendocrine or inflammatory activity.

conclusionsRacial discrimination may be an important predictor of cumulative physiologic dysregulation. Factors associated with educational attainment may mitigate this association for African American women and other groups experiencing chronic social stress.

Indexed as

AdultAllostasisBiomarkersBlack or African AmericanCross-Sectional StudiesEducational StatusFemaleHealth Status DisparitiesHumansMiddle AgedRacismSan FranciscoSelf ReportSocioeconomic FactorsStress, PsychologicalBiomarkersAfrican AmericanAllostatic loadRace/ethnicityRacial discriminationSocioeconomic positionStress

Identifiers

PMID30286445
PMCPMC6289261
OpenAlexW2891699087

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.