ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2018
Development of a Measure of Postpartum PTSD: The City Birth Trauma Scale.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 133 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Longitudinal, Cohort Study Investigating the Impact of General Anaesthetic Caesarean Birth, With or Without ICU Admission, on Maternal Mental Health and Mother/Infant Bonding
A Study to Explore the Feasibility and Efficacy of Group Traumatic Episode Protocol (GTEP) for Reducing Trauma Symptoms Following a Traumatic Birthing Experience
Who cites it
133 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A systematic review of psychosocial screening tools for identification of postpartum mental health status beyond depressive symptoms.Midwifery · 2025Pooled it
- Psychometric properties of self-reported measures of psychological birth trauma in puerperae: A COSMIN systematic review.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and childbirth: update meta-analysis after the introduction of the DSM-5 and COVID-19 pandemic.Archives of women's mental health · 2024Pooled it
- The Impact of Mode of Birth on Childbirth-Related Post Traumatic Stress Symptoms beyond 6 Months Postpartum: An Integrative Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Associations between maternal birth complications and postpartum depressive symptoms: A systematic narrative review and meta-analysis.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- Midwife-led continuity education on fear and birth outcomes in primiparas.Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) · 2026Trial
- Glucocorticoids after birth trauma and the associated risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder: a non-randomized open-label pilot trial.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Trial
- Displacement and associated factors of childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder among Ukrainian perinatal women.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Observational
- Article
- Beyond Trauma Exposure and Symptoms: Preconception Transdiagnostic Vulnerability and Postpartum Outcomes in Healthy Women.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- IUGA International Guidelines on Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries.International urogynecology journal · 2026Article
- Obstetric anesthesia and postpartum mental health: implications from delivery to long-term recovery.Anesthesia and pain medicine · 2026Review
- Validation of chichewa version of the city birth trauma scale at postnatal clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Depressive symptoms hopelessness self-efficacy and COVID-19-related stressors among pregnant women in Hungary across two pandemic waves.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Risk factors for birth trauma and postpartum posttraumatic stress in the United Kingdom: Results from the international survey of childbirth-related trauma.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Pathways to Birth Trauma: Prenatal PTSD as a Mediator Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Childbirth-Related PTSD Symptoms.Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) · 2026Article
- The PMADS Project: A Longitudinal Multimodal Cohort Study to Understand Risk for Perinatal Mood and Anxiety Disorders.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Decomposing the Disparity in 1-Year Postpartum Readmission between People with and without a Potentially Traumatic Birth Event.American journal of perinatology · 2026Article
- Associations between birth-related stressors, social reward responsiveness, and postpartum internalizing symptoms.Anxiety, stress, and coping · 2026Article
73 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects 4% of women after birth yet there are very few questionnaire measures of postpartum PTSD that have been validated in this population. In addition, none of the available questionnaires assess postpartum PTSD in accordance with criteria specified in the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual [DSM-5, (1)]. The City Birth Trauma Scale is a 29-item questionnaire developed to measure birth-related PTSD according to DSM-5 criteria of: stressor criteria (A), symptoms of re-experiencing (B), avoidance (C), negative cognitions and mood (D), and hyperarousal (E), as well as duration of symptoms (F), significant distress or impairment (E), and exclusion criteria or other causes (H). Two additional items from DSM-IV were also included on the basis of evidence suggesting they might be important in this population. The first was criterion A2 that women responded to events during birth with intense fear, helplessness or horror. The second was symptoms of emotional numbing. Items were first reviewed by researchers (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.