ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2018
Education can reduce health differences related to genetic risk of obesity.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Socioeconomic position, genetic susceptibility, and epigenetic profiles in obesity across the life course: a systematic review.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Pooled it
- Overcoming attenuation bias in regressions using polygenic indices.Nature communications · 2023Pooled it
- How are social determinants of health integrated into epigenetic research? A systematic review.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2021Pooled it
- Design and model choices shape inference of age-varying genetic effects on complex traits.Nature aging · 2026Article
- Detecting gene-environment interactions to guide personalized intervention: Boosting distributional regression for polygenic scores.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- The geometry of G × E: How scaling and endogenous treatment effects shape interaction direction.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Polygenic scores capture genetic modification of the adiposity-cardiometabolic risk factor relationship.Cell genomics · 2026Article
- Assessing Orthogonality in Gene-Environment Interaction Studies Using Polygenic Indices.Behavior genetics · 2026Article
- Association between clock genes polygenic risk score for depression and obesity in a population with high burden of obesity.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
- An Updated Polygenic Index Repository: Expanded Phenotypes, New Cohorts, and Improved Causal Inference.Research square · 2025Article
- Incorporating additive genetic effects and linkage disequilibrium information to discover gene-environment interactions using BV-LDER-GE.Genome biology · 2025Article
- Prenatal sugar exposure shapes late-life human capital and health.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- An Updated Polygenic Index Repository: Expanded Phenotypes, New Cohorts, and Improved Causal Inference.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Genetics and Socioeconomic Status: Some Preliminary Evidence on Mechanisms.Journal of political economy microeconomics · 2025Article
- PIGEON: a statistical framework for estimating gene-environment interaction for polygenic traits.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Article
- The role of polygenic indices in inequality of opportunity.PNAS nexus · 2025Article
- Using the phenotype differences model to identify genetic effects in samples of partially genotyped sibling pairs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Understanding genetic variants in context.eLife · 2024Article
- Causal interpretations of family GWAS in the presence of heterogeneous effects.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This work investigates whether genetic makeup moderates the effects of education on health. Low statistical power and endogenous measures of environment have been obstacles to the credible estimation of such gene-by-environment interactions. We overcome these obstacles by combining a natural experiment that generated variation in secondary education with polygenic scores for a quarter-million individuals. The additional schooling affected body size, lung function, and blood pressure in middle age. The improvements in body size and lung function were larger for individuals with high genetic predisposition to obesity. As a result, education reduced the gap in unhealthy body size between those in the top and bottom terciles of genetic risk of obesity from 20 to 6 percentage points.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.