ArticleInternational archives of occupational and environmental health2019
VOC sources and exposures in nail salons: a pilot study in Michigan, USA.
Article in International archives of occupational and environmental health, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Occupational scenarios and exposure assessment to formaldehyde: A systematic review.Indoor air · 2022Pooled it
- The hidden effects of metabolism-disrupting agents on alcohol-related liver disease risk: an integrated epidemiological, machine learning, and network toxicology Analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of dilution ventilation in mitigating occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the breathing zone of nail technicians: a simulation study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Health Risk Assessment of Nail Technicians in the Formal and Informal Sectors of Johannesburg, South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Biomonitoring Xenobiotics in Human Biospecimens: Challenges, Advances, and the Future of Exposome Characterization.Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology · 2025Article
- Nail Polishes: A Review on Composition, Presence of Toxic Components, and Inadequate Labeling.Dermatology research and practice · 2025Review
- Adult-Onset Transcriptomic Effects of Developmental Exposure to Benzene in Zebrafish (International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A participatory approach to designing and implementing an occupational health intervention for the nail salon community in the Greater Philadelphia region.Annals of work exposures and health · 2023Article
- Investigation of simultaneous volatile organic compound removal by indoor plants using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.RSC advances · 2023Article
- Article
- Identifying Toxic Consumer Products: A Novel Data Set Reveals Air Emissions of Potent Carcinogens, Reproductive Toxicants, and Developmental Toxicants.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Exposure of formal and informal nail technicians to organic solvents found in nail products.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Licensure and citations among nail salons in Michigan from 2017 to 2021: A cross-sectional study of an overlooked and vulnerable industry.Health science reports · 2022Article
- Be alert for vapor intrusion of 1,4-dioxane from contaminated groundwater.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- Maternal occupation as a nail technician or hairdresser during pregnancy and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011.Occupational and environmental medicine · 2022Article
- Harmonization of acronyms for volatile organic compound metabolites using a standardized naming system.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2021Article
- Blood plasma levels of biomarkers of liver status and lipid profile among nail technicians occupationally exposed to low-level mixture of volatile organic compounds.International archives of occupational and environmental health · 2021Article
- Occupational exposure and health risks of volatile organic compounds of hotel housekeepers: Field measurements of exposure and health risks.Indoor air · 2021Article
- Non-Combustible Source Indoor Air Pollutants Concentration in Beauty Salons and Associated Self-Reported Health Problems Among the Beauty Salon Workers.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeExposures of nail salon technicians have received attention due to the potentially toxic materials used in nail products, which include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde and methyl methacrylate (MMA). This study characterized area and personal concentrations and other indoor air parameters in 17 nail salons in fall and winter seasons in three areas of Michigan.
methodsVOC samples were analyzed using thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy, and the VOC composition of 35 nail products (e.g., polish, top coat, base coat) was measured using headspace sampling. Ventilation rates were derived using CO
resultsWe detected ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, MMA, n-heptane and toluene in most salons, and benzene, D-limonene, formaldehyde, and ethyl methacrylate in some salons. While MMA was not measured in the consumer and professional products, and the use of pure MMA in salons has been not been permitted since the 1970s, MMA was found in air at concentrations from 100 to 36,000 µg/m
conclusionThis study identifies the products responsible for emissions, shows the widespread presence of MMA, and documents low ventilation rates in some salons. It also demonstrates that "informal" short-term sampling approaches can evaluate chemical exposures in nail salons, providing measurements that can be used to protect a potentially susceptible and vulnerable population. Additional controls, including restrictions on the VOC compositions and improved ventilation, can reduce exposures to salon workers and clients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.