ArticleClinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society2019
Warm water immersion in patients with chronic heart failure: a pilot study : Shah immerse: HF.
Article in Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02949544 (Water Immersion and Water-based Exercise in Patients With Chronic Stable Heart Failure), which is not on this map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Water Immersion and Water-based Exercise in Patients With Chronic Stable Heart Failure: A Pilot Study
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effectiveness of hydrotherapy on quality of life and exercise capacity in patients with cardiac diseases: a scoping review.American journal of cardiovascular disease · 2026Review
- Acute lower-limb heating improves exercise performance in individuals with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.European journal of heart failure · 2025Article
- Computational modeling of heart failure in microgravity transitions.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPatients with chronic conditions, such as heart failure, swim regularly and most rehabilitation exercises are conducted in warm hydrotherapy pools. However, little is known about the acute effects of warm water immersion (WWI) on cardiac haemodynamics in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF).
methodsSeventeen patients with CHF (NYHA I and II; mean age 67 years, 88% male, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 33%) and 10 age-matched normal subjects were immersed up to the neck in a hydrotherapy pool (33-35 °C). Cardiac haemodynamics were measured non-invasively, and echocardiography was performed at baseline, during WWI, 3 min after kicking in the supine position and after emerging.
resultsIn patients with CHF, compared to baseline, WWI immediately increased stroke volume (SV, mean ± standard deviation; from 65 ± 21 to 82 ± 22 mL, p < 0.001), cardiac output (CO, from 4.4 ± 1.4 to 5.7 ± 1.6 L/min, p < 0.001) and cardiac index (CI, from 2.3 ± 0.6 to 2.9 ± 0.70 L/min/m², p < 0.001) with decreased systemic vascular resistance (from 1881 ± 582 to 1258 ± 332 dynes/s/cm
conclusionsIn patients with CHF, WWI causes an acute increase in cardiac output and a fall in systemic vascular resistance. CLINICAL
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02949544) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02949544?cond=NCT02949544&rank=1 .
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.