ArticleReproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E2018
Cytokines in relation to hCG are significantly altered in asymptomatic women with miscarriage - a pilot study.
Article in Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Regulating Fetal-Maternal Immune Tolerance in Normal and Pathological Pregnancy.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Immunological Role of Intrauterine Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Infertile Women Undergoing ICSI.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2026Article
- Case Report: Complete hydatidiform mole mimicking spondyloarthritis: a probable paraneoplastic rheumatologic syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- BHLHE40 Cooperates with GATA2/3 to Control Human Syncytiotrophoblast Lineage Differentiation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Diagnostic value of serum human chorionic gonadotropin and uterine artery Doppler indices in missed abortion.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- TNF-α-positive patients with recurrent pregnancy loss: The etiology and management.Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine · 2024Article
- The Update Immune-Regulatory Role of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in Recurrent Pregnancy Losses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Early Embryogenesis: Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Independent value of serumFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- CCL2: An important cytokine in normal and pathological pregnancies: A review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines in the First Trimester-Comparison of Missed Miscarriage and Normal Pregnancy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Effect of Intralipid infusion on peripheral blood T cells and plasma cytokines in women undergoing assisted reproduction treatment.Clinical & translational immunology · 2021Article
- Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin: New Pleiotropic Functions for an "Old" Hormone During Pregnancy.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- IL-10 to TNFα ratios throughout early first trimester can discriminate healthy pregnancies from pregnancy losses.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSpontaneous abortion is one of the most common complications in early pregnancy. A preventive test to identify women who will experience a miscarriage, even before first symptoms occur, is not established. Activation of maternal immunological tolerance seems to be essential for early fetal development and various cytokines have been described in different stages of pregnancy. Therefore, we aimed to investigate if chemokine levels at the time of pregnancy testing relative to human Choriogonadotropin (hCG) are altered in patients who will experience a miscarriage in this pregnancy.
methodsWe obtained blood samples from 39 women. Dependent on the follow-up, patients with a positive pregnancy test were subsequently divided in two groups: ongoing pregnancy (n = 22) and miscarriage (n = 17) in this pregnancy. Immunological and endocrine profiling of maternal plasma at the time of pregnancy testing (5th week of gestation) was performed for each group at the time of pregnancy test using Multiplex and ELISA analysis.
resultshCG was significantly decreased in patients with abortion whereas levels of IL-1ra, MIP-1a and TNF-alpha were significantly increased. GCSF/ IL-1ra-ratio was 1.66-fold increased in patients with ongoing pregnancy. TGF-beta /MIP1a-ratio was significantly 3.45-times higher in patients with miscarriage. Comparing patients with ongoing pregnancy to patients experiencing a miscarriage, we could demonstrate significant alterations of the ratios MIP1a/hCG, IL-1ra/hCG, TNFalpha/hCG, MCP1/hCG, IL-6/hCG, TPO/hCG and TGF-beta1/hCG. The strongest effects were seen for the ratio MIP1a/hCG, IL-1ra/hCG and TNFalpha/hCG.
conclusionsWe have shown that cytokines in relation to hCG after 4 weeks of gestation are significantly altered in women with miscarriage, promising potential as a prognostic biomarker.
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