ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2018
Should Sex Be Considered an Effect Modifier in the Evaluation of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness?
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Is there a difference in the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine in males and females? - A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Pooled it
- Medication count, including statin or metformin use, is not associated with influenza vaccine responses in older adults.Vaccine · 2025Trial
- Article
- Predictive signatures of immune response to vaccination and implications of the immune setpoint remodeling.mSphere · 2025Review
- Sex Differences in the Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Determinants of influenza non-vaccination among Canadian children: insights from a nationwide survey.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Using the power of innate immunoprofiling to understand vaccine design, infection, and immunity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Association of frailty with influenza and hospitalization due to influenza among independent older adults: a longitudinal study of Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES).BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Double Negative Control Inference in Test-Negative Design Studies of Vaccine Effectiveness.ArXiv · 2023Article
- Age-Related Differences in T-Cell Subsets in a Nationally Representative Sample of People Older Than Age 55: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2022Article
- Roadmap for Sex-Responsive Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccine Research in Older Adults.Frontiers in aging · 2022Review
- Role of Annual Influenza Vaccination against Lung Cancer in Type 2 Diabetic Patients from a Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Antibody Responsiveness to Influenza: What Drives It?Viruses · 2021Review
- Sex- and Gender-Based Pharmacological Response to Drugs.Pharmacological reviews · 2021Article
- Longitudinal Assessment of Immune Responses to Repeated Annual Influenza Vaccination in a Human Cohort of Adults and Teenagers.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Influenza vaccination among Dutch general practitioners and their attitude toward influenza vaccination in the elderly.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Article
- Influenza With and Without Fever: Clinical Predictors and Impact on Outcomes in Patients Requiring Hospitalization.Open forum infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Host Factors Impact Vaccine Efficacy: Implications for Seasonal and Universal Influenza Vaccine Programs.Journal of virology · 2019Review
- The intersection of sex and gender in the treatment of influenza.Current opinion in virology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We investigated sex as a potential modifier of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) between 2010-2011 and 2016-2017 in Canada. Overall VE was 49% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43% to 55%) for females and 38% (95% CI, 28% to 46%) for males (absolute difference [AD], 11%;
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.