ReviewSAGE open medicine2018
Traditional approach versus Stewart approach for acid-base disorders: Inconsistent evidence.
Review in SAGE open medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Confined spaces in space: Cerebral implications of chronic elevations of inspired carbon dioxide and implications for long-duration space travel.Experimental physiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Pioneering Respiratory and Emergency Medicine Research During the COVID-19 Era.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Article
- Modified del Nido cardioplegia is associated with low incidence of low main strong ion difference and hyperchloremia in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery.Journal of anesthesia · 2024Article
- Measuring Accuracy of ConsultBot, Hybrid AI Tool, in Interpreting Blood Gas Results.AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium · 2024Article
- Tracing Acid-Base Variables in Exercising Horses: Effects of Pre-Loading Oral Electrolytes.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Revisiting Stewart's Approach toward Assessment of Unidentified or Complex Acid-Base Disorders.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2022Article
- The hidden secrets of a neutral pH-blood gas analysis of postoperative patients according to the Stewart approach.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2021Article
- ABG Assistant-Towards an Understanding of Complex Acid-Base Disorders.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Clinical physiology aspects of chloremia in fluid therapy: a systematic review.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2020Review
- Whither the Bicarbonate Era.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2020Article
- Acid-base effects of continuous infusion furosemide in clinically stable surgical ICU patients: an analysis based on the Stewart model.Clinical and experimental nephrology · 2020Observational
- A simplified quantitative acid-base approach for patients with acute respiratory diseases.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2020Observational
- Connecting two worlds: positive correlation between physicochemical approach with blood gases and pH in pediatric ICU setting.BMC research notes · 2019Observational
- [Interpretation of acid-base disorders].Medizinische Klinik, Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin · 2019Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe traditional approach and the Stewart approach have been developed for evaluating acid-base phenomena. While some experts have suggested that the two approaches are essentially identical, clinical researches have still been conducted on the superiority of one approach over the other one. In this review, we summarize the concepts of each approach and investigate the reasons of the discrepancy, based on current evidence from the literature search.
methodsIn the literature search, we completed a database search and reviewed articles comparing the Stewart approach with the traditional, bicarbonate-centered approach to November 2016.
resultsOur literature review included 17 relevant articles, 5 of which compared their diagnostic abilities, 9 articles compared their prognostic performances, and 3 articles compared both diagnostic abilities and prognostic performances. These articles show a discrepancy over the abilities to detect acid-base disturbances and to predict patients' outcomes. There are many limitations that could yield this discrepancy, including differences in calculation of the variables, technological differences or errors in measuring variables, incongruences of reference value, normal range of the variables, differences in studied populations, and confounders of prognostic strength such as lactate.
conclusionIn conclusion, despite the proposed equivalence between the traditional approach and the Stewart approach, our literature search shows inconsistent results on the comparison between the two approaches for diagnostic and prognostic performance. We found crucial limitations in those studies, which could lead to the reasons of the discrepancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.