ReviewAmerican journal of clinical dermatology2019
Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Blockade.
Review in American journal of clinical dermatology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 130 citations in OpenAlex.
- Single-cell spatial transcriptomics uncovers niches that govern response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Circadian rhythm in immunotherapy and cellular therapy: impacts on the tumor microenvironment.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2026Review
- An Overview on T-Cell Engagers: The Current Position in Both the Biological and Mathematical Context.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Review
- Confronting cancer's complexity: Cell and gene therapies in an era of rising incidence.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- Structure-based virtual screening identifies potent CD28 inhibitors that suppress T cell co-stimulation in cellular and mucosal models.European journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Article
- Review
- Review
- The dark matter in cancer immunology: beyond the visible- unveiling multiomics pathways to breakthrough therapies.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Promoting Immune Response of Human Vascular Endothelial Cells by Bevacizumab: Insights into the Immune Supportive Role of Anti-VEGF Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Recent advances in biomimetic nanodelivery systems for cancer Immunotherapy.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- The MELimmune score-prognostic factors for overall survival in advanced melanoma and anti-PD-1 monotherapy-a multicentre, retrospective cohort study.Immuno-oncology technology · 2025Article
- Bacterial hitchhiking with drug-loaded nanoparticles as a drug delivery strategy for cancer immunotherapy.npj biomedical innovations · 2025Article
- Succinate Nanomaterials Boost Tumor Immunotherapy via Activating Cell Pyroptosis and Enhancing MHC-I Expression.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2025Article
- Theranostic Role of Advanced Nanotechnological Tools in Early Brain Metastases in Lung Cancer: An Updated Review.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Review
- Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma, Head and Neck, and Triple-Negative Breast Cancers.Journal of cellular immunology · 2025Article
- Overcoming Resistance Mechanisms to Melanoma Immunotherapy.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2025Review
- Tumor intrinsic properties dictate Fc receptor expression and cancer cachexia associated increase in checkpoint inhibitor clearance.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A Precision Engineered Interleukin-2 for Bolstering CD8+ T- and NK-cell Activity without Eosinophilia and Vascular Leak Syndrome in Nonhuman Primates.Cancer research communications · 2024Article
- Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Pediatric Cancers: Is It Still a Stalemate?Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The recent development of effective immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), first demonstrated in melanoma, has revolutionized cancer treatment. Monoclonal antibodies blocking the immune checkpoints cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 receptor (PD-1) have shown substantial clinical benefit in a subset of patients across tumor types and in both the metastatic and adjuvant settings. In this article, we review the interaction between the immune system and solid tumors, and describe modes of immune response failure and the physiologic role of immune checkpoints. We also review the known mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors, focusing on US FDA-approved agents targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1. Within this framework, we classify hypothesized tumor intrinsic and extrinsic predictive markers for response and resistance to ICI, and map them to their putative underlying biological mechanism. Finally, we outline future directions in ICI, including the development of new therapeutic targets, rational combination therapies, integrated predictive models for individual patients to optimize therapy, and expansion into different disease types.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.