Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30258572›Full record

ArticleBone & joint research2018

Standardizing compression testing for measuring the stiffness of human bone.

S Zhao, M Arnold, S Ma, R L Abel, J P Cobb, U Hansen, O Boughton

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Bone & joint research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
32citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Ancient Principles, Modern Impact: Increased Femoral Offset Demonstrates Decreased Load to Failure in Total Hip Arthroplasty.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

S ZhaoThe MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
M ArnoldThe MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
S MaThe MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.
R L AbelThe MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
J P CobbThe MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
U HansenDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
O BoughtonThe MSk Lab, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThe ability to determine human bone stiffness is of clinical relevance in many fields, including bone quality assessment and orthopaedic prosthesis design. Stiffness can be measured using compression testing, an experimental technique commonly used to test bone specimens

methodsA keyword search of all English language articles up until December 2017 of compression testing of bone was undertaken in Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Studies using bulk tissue, animal tissue, whole bone, or testing techniques other than compression testing were excluded.

resultsA total of 4712 abstracts were retrieved, with 177 papers included in the analysis; 20 studies directly analyzed the compression testing technique to improve the accuracy of testing. Several influencing factors should be considered when testing bone samples in compression. These include the method of data analysis, specimen storage, specimen preparation, testing configuration, and loading protocol.

conclusionCompression testing is a widely used technique for measuring the stiffness of bone but there is a great deal of inter-study variation in experimental techniques across the literature. Based on best evidence from the literature, suggestions for bone compression testing are made in this review, although further studies are needed to establish standardized bone testing techniques in order to increase the comparability and reliability of bone stiffness studies.

Indexed as

BoneCompression testingOrthopaedicStiffness

Identifiers

PMID30258572
PMCPMC6138811

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.