ArticleCell death & disease2018
The antipsychotic agent trifluoperazine hydrochloride suppresses triple-negative breast cancer tumor growth and brain metastasis by inducing G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis.
Article in Cell death & disease, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 85 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug repositioning for immunotherapy in breast cancer using single-cell analysis.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2024Pooled it
- Antipsychotic exposure is an independent risk factor for breast cancer: A systematic review of epidemiological evidence.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Neural-tumor interactions: bidirectional regulatory mechanisms and nervous system-targeted tumor therapeutic strategies.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- Repurposing Antipsychotics in Cancer Therapy: Modulation of Autophagy Mechanisms.Clinical drug investigation · 2026Review
- Review
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- Trastuzumab deruxtecan efficacy, FcRn-facilitated penetration of the blood-tumor barrier, and distribution to tumor cells in HER2+ brain metastasis model systems.Neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- GABRD as an Emerging Oncogene: Exploring Functions and Therapeutic Implications Across Cancers.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- NUPR1 in breast cancer: mechanisms and potential applications.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- ECM remodeling-associated immune signatures and hub proteins: predictive markers and therapeutic targets for metastatic gastric cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Advances in protein ubiquitination modification and immune evasion of breast cancer.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- The multifaceted roles of mitochondria and their therapeutic transformation: a new perspective on triple-negative breast cancer treatment.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Phenothiazine Derivatives and Their Impact on the Apoptosis Processes: A Review.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Review
- Drug repositioning: examining antipsychotic drugs and their anticancer effects.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2025Review
- Repurposing chlorpromazine for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis based on modulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and autophagy/mitophagy.British journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Repurposing of nervous system drugs for cancer treatment: recent advances, challenges, and future perspectives.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Unravelling the role of ubiquitin-specific proteases in breast carcinoma: insights into tumour progression and immune microenvironment modulation.World journal of surgical oncology · 2025Review
- Ubiquitin-Specific Protease Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: Recent Advances and Future Prospects.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Repurposing risperidone as an anti-angiogenic agent for triple-negative breast cancer: a computational toFrontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- TOP2A modulates signaling via the AKT/mTOR pathway to promote ovarian cancer cell proliferation.Cancer biology & therapy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Women with aggressive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are at high risk of brain metastasis, which has no effective therapeutic option partially due to the poor penetration of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Trifluoperazine (TFP) is an approved antipsychotic drug with good bioavailability in brain and had shown anticancer effect in several types of cancer. It drives us to investigate its activities to suppress TNBC, especially the brain metastasis. In this study, we chose three TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, and 4T1 to assess its anticancer activities along with the possible mechanisms. In vitro, it induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest via decreasing the expression of both cyclinD1/CDK4 and cyclinE/CDK2, and stimulated mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. In vivo, TFP suppressed the growth of subcutaneous xenograft tumor and brain metastasis without causing detectable side effects. Importantly, it prolonged the survival of mice bearing brain metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis of Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3 indicated TFP could suppress the growth and induce apoptosis of cancer cells in vivo. Taken together, TFP might be a potential available drug for treating TNBC with brain metastasis, which urgently needs novel treatment options.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.