ArticleClinical endocrinology2019
Serum testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and sex-specific risk of incident type 2 diabetes in a retrospective primary care cohort.
Article in Clinical endocrinology, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Society for Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation of Androgen Excess in Women.Clinical endocrinology · 2025Guideline
- Endocrinological and inflammatory markers in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2022Pooled it
- Association of puberty timing with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Approach to the patient: investigation of postmenopausal androgen excess.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Review
- The Intersection of Androgens and Cardiovascular Disease in Postmenopausal Women.Current cardiology reports · 2026Review
- Higher Serum Testosterone Protects Against the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged but Not Older Men.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Clinical Obesity and Insulin Resistance Assessed Based on SHBG Levels and HOMA-IR, TyG-Waist Circumference (TyG-WC), TyG-Waist to Height Ratio (TyG-WHtR), and TyG-Waist to Hip Ratio (TyG-WHR) Values in Young Caucasian Women with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS).Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Low testosterone levels in men at age 31 associates with future risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A birth cohort study.Andrology · 2026Article
- The Cut-Off Values for SHBG Discriminating Insulin Resistance Based on the TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC Values in Women with PCOS.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- SHBG, Testosterone, and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Middle-Aged African Women: Exploring the Effect of HIV and Menopause.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Observational
- Identification of gene-sex hormone interactions associated with type 2 diabetes among men and women.PLoS genetics · 2025Article
- The Cut-Off Value for the Triglyceride-Glucose Index (TyG) Discriminating Insulin Resistance Based on the SHBG Level and HOMA-IR Values in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Longitudinal clinical and proteomic diabetes signatures in women with a history of gestational diabetes.JCI insight · 2024Article
- The mediatory role of androgens on sex differences in glucose homeostasis and incidence of type 2 diabetes: the KORA study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2024Observational
- Sex hormone-binding globulin may explain sex differences for glucose homeostasis and incidence of type 2 diabetes: the KORA study.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) serum levels and insulin resistance in men on chronic hemodialysis.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- SHBG, Free Testosterone, and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Middle-aged African Men: A Longitudinal Study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- Longitudinal assessment of classic and 11-oxygenated androgen concentrations and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus development: the Tromsø study.Acta diabetologica · 2024Article
- Postprandial glucose variability and clusters of sex hormones, liver enzymes, and cardiometabolic factors in a South African cohort of African ancestry.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Article
- Sex Hormone Binding Globulin is an Independent Predictor for Insulin Resistance in Male Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePrevious studies suggest that androgens have a sexually dimorphic impact on metabolic dysfunction. However, the sex-specific link between circulating androgens and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been examined in a large scale, longitudinal cohort, a task we undertook in this study.
designA retrospective cohort study in a UK primary care database. PATIENTS: We included men and women with available serum testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) results. MEASUREMENTS: We categorized serum concentrations according to clinically relevant cut-off points and calculated crude and adjusted T2DM Incidence Rate Ratios (IRRs and aIRRs).
resultsSerum testosterone concentrations were available in 70 541 men and 81 889 women; serum SHBG was available in 15 907 men and 42 034 women. In comparison to a reference cohort with serum testosterone ≥20 nmol/L, men with lower serum testosterone had a significantly increased risk of T2DM, with the highest risk in those with serum testosterone <7 nmol/L (aIRR 2.71, 95% CI 2.34-3.14, P < 0.001). In women, the risk of T2DM started to increase significantly when serum testosterone concentrations exceeded 1.5 nmol/L, with the highest risk in women with serum testosterone ≥3.5 nmol/L (aIRR 1.98, 95% CI 1.55-2.52, P < 0.001). These observations were verified in a continuous rather than categorized analysis. The risk of T2DM increased in men and women with serum SHBG <40 and <50 nmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationIn this longitudinal study, we found sexually dimorphic associations between serum testosterone and risk of incident T2DM. Androgen deficiency and excess should be considered important risk factors for diabetes in men and women, respectively.
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