ReviewFrontiers in oncology2018
Indoximod: An Immunometabolic Adjuvant That Empowers T Cell Activity in Cancer.
Review in Frontiers in oncology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 121 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biological function of d-tryptophan: a bibliometric analysis and review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Pooled it
- Metabolic rewiring of the dendritic cell-T cell axis: tumour-derived barriers and therapeutic opportunities.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Metabolism and Immunity-Adapted Radiotherapy (M.I.A.R): A Conceptual Framework for Overcoming the Therapeutic Plateau in Clinical Radiotherapy.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- Tryptophan metabolism in tumor immune escape: mechanisms, cellular crosstalk, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- One-carbon metabolism in cancer: moonlighting functions of metabolic enzymes and anti-tumor therapy.Cancer metastasis reviews · 2025Review
- Harnessing IDO inhibitors to optimize cancer immunotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Metabolites as agents and targets for cancer immunotherapy.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2025Review
- Indoximod Attenuates Inflammatory Responses in Acetic Acid-Induced Acute Colitis by Modulating Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Signaling and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Rats.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Identification of potential shared gene signatures between periodontitis and breast cancer by integrating bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Targeting the Kynurenine Pathway: A Novel Approach in Tumor Therapy.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2025Review
- SN-38-indoximod conjugate: carrier free nano-prodrug for cancer therapy.Therapeutic delivery · 2025Article
- Advances in Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy of Malignant Melanoma.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- IDO and TDO inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: mechanisms, clinical development, and future directions.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Emerging insights into the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and its implications for glioblastoma immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Improving the Anti-Tumor Effect of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitor CY1-4 by CY1-4 Nano-Skeleton Drug Delivery System.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2024Article
- Oncolytic Virotherapies and Adjuvant Gut Microbiome Therapeutics to Enhance Efficacy Against Malignant Gliomas.Viruses · 2024Review
- Review
- Mechanistic insights into medulloblastoma relapse.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG): A review of current and emerging treatment strategies.Cancer letters · 2024Review
- Development of small molecule drugs targeting immune checkpoints.Cancer biology & medicine · 2024Review
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Exploding interest in immunometabolism as a source of new cancer therapeutics has been driven in large part by studies of tryptophan catabolism mediated by IDO/TDO enzymes. A chief focus in the field is IDO1, a pro-inflammatory modifier that is widely overexpressed in cancers where it blunts immunosurveillance and enables neovascularization and metastasis. The simple racemic compound 1-methyl-D,L-tryptophan (1MT) is an extensively used probe of IDO/TDO pathways that exerts a variety of complex inhibitory effects. The L isomer of 1MT is a weak substrate for IDO1 and is ascribed the weak inhibitory activity of the racemate on the enzyme. In contrast, the D isomer neither binds nor inhibits the purified IDO1 enzyme. However, clinical development focused on D-1MT (now termed indoximod) due to preclinical cues of its greater anticancer activity and its distinct mechanisms of action. In contrast to direct enzymatic inhibitors of IDO1, indoximod acts downstream of IDO1 to stimulate mTORC1, a convergent effector signaling molecule for all IDO/TDO enzymes, thus possibly lowering risks of drug resistance by IDO1 bypass. In this review, we survey the unique biological and mechanistic features of indoximod as an IDO/TDO pathway inhibitor, including recent clinical findings of its ability to safely enhance various types of cancer therapy, including chemotherapy, chemo-radiotherapy, vaccines, and immune checkpoint therapy. We also review the potential advantages indoximod offers compared to selective IDO1-specific blockade, which preclinical studies and the clinical study ECHO-301 suggest may be bypassed readily by tumors. Indoximod lies at a leading edge of broad-spectrum immunometabolic agents that may act to improve responses to many anticancer modalities, in a manner analogous to vaccine adjuvants that act to boost immunity in settings of infectious disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.