Evidence map›Paper›PMID 30253790›Full record

Trial reportSubstance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy2018

Universal cannabis outcomes from the Climate and Preventure (CAP) study: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Nicola C Newton, Maree Teesson, Marius Mather, Katrina E Champion, Emma L Barrett, Lexine Stapinski, Natacha Carragher, Erin Kelly, Patricia J Conrod, Tim Slade

Open access · goldAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
2.3field-weighted citation impact, top 12% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Trial
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Real-world comprehensive care of people living with schizophrenia: recommendations across different settings and clinical stages.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Digital interventions for substance use disorders in young people: rapid review.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2023
    Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.

Nicola C NewtonNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. n.newton@unsw.edu.au.
Maree TeessonNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Marius MatherNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Katrina E ChampionNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Emma L BarrettNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Lexine StapinskiNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Natacha CarragherNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Erin KellyNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
Patricia J ConrodUniversity of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
Tim SladeNHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and Substance Use (CREMS), National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
UNSW Sydney · AUNational Health and Medical Research Council · AUCentre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine · CA

Funding

National Health and Medical Research Council APP1004744National Health and Medical Research Council APP1041129National Health and Medical Research Council APP1056432National Health and Medical Research Council APP1870487
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe Climate and Preventure (CAP) study was the first trial to assess and demonstrate the effectiveness of a combined universal and selective approach for preventing alcohol use and related harms among adolescents. The current paper reports universal effects from the CAP study on cannabis-related outcomes over three years.

methodsA cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted with 2190 students from twenty-six Australian high schools (mean age: 13.3 yrs., SD 0.48). Participants were randomised to one of four conditions; universal prevention for all students (Climate); selective prevention for high-risk students (Preventure); combined universal and selective prevention (Climate and Preventure; CAP); or health education as usual (Control). Participants were assessed at baseline, post intervention (6-9 months post baseline), and at 12-, 24- and 36-months, on measures of cannabis use, knowledge and related harms. This paper compares cannabis-related knowledge, harms and cannabis use in the Control, Climate and CAP groups as specified in the protocol, using multilevel mixed linear models to assess outcomes.

resultsCompared to Control, the Climate and CAP groups showed significantly greater increases in cannabis-related knowledge initially (p <  0.001), and had higher knowledge at the 6, 12 and 24-month follow-ups. There was no significant difference between the Climate and CAP groups. While no differences were detected between Control and the CAP and Climate groups on cannabis use or cannabis-related harms, the prevalence of these outcomes was lower than anticipated, possibly limiting power to detect intervention effects. Additional Bayesian analyses exploring confidence in accepting the null hypothesis showed there was insufficient evidence to conclude that the interventions had no effect, or to conclude that they had a meaningfully large effect.

conclusionsBoth the universal Climate and the combined CAP programs were effective in increasing cannabis-related knowledge for up to 2 years. The evidence was inconclusive regarding whether the interventions reduced cannabis use and cannabis-related harms. A longer-term follow-up will ascertain whether the interventions become effective in reducing these outcomes as adolescents transition into early adulthood.

trial registrationThis trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12612000026820) on the 6th of January 2012, https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=347906&isReview=true.

Indexed as

AdolescentAlcohol DrinkingAustraliaBayes TheoremCase-Control StudiesFemaleHealth EducationHealth Knowledge, Attitudes, PracticeHumansMaleMarijuana SmokingSchool Health ServicesSchoolsStudentsCannabisCombinedOnlinePreventionSchoolSelectiveUniversal

Identifiers

PMID30253790
PMCPMC6157057
OpenAlexW2892548388

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.