ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
The Impact of Vaccination and Prior Exposure on Stool Shedding of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi in 6 Controlled Human Infection Studies.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01405521 (Understanding Typhoid Disease After Vaccination), which is not on this map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Understanding Typhoid Disease After Vaccination: a Single Centre, Randomised, Doubleblind, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate M01ZH09 in a Healthy Adult Challenge Model, Using Ty21a Vaccine as a Positive Control.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Homologous and heterologous re-challenge with Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A in a randomised controlled human infection model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Trial
- Treatment responses to Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin in uncomplicated Salmonella Typhi infection: A comparison of Clinical and Microbiological Data from a Controlled Human Infection Model.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2019Trial
- Multivalent vaccines for invasiveInfection and immunity · 2026Review
- A defined microbiota mouse model forFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Controlled human malaria infection: overview and potential application in the evaluation of transmission-blocking interventions in malaria-endemic areas.Malaria journal · 2025Review
- Cost-effectiveness and public health impact of typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction strategies in Bangladesh.Vaccine · 2024Article
- Development of a computational model to inform environmental surveillance sampling plans for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in wastewater.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Typhoid fever.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2023Review
- Controlling the bacterial load of Salmonella Typhi in an experimental mouse model by a lytic Salmonella phage STWB21: a phage therapy approach.BMC microbiology · 2023Article
- Comparison of model predictions of typhoid conjugate vaccine public health impact and cost-effectiveness.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Spatial and Genomic Data to Characterize Endemic Typhoid Transmission.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Article
- A bottom-up view of antimicrobial resistance transmission in developing countries.Nature microbiology · 2022Review
- Controlled human infectious models, a path forward in uncovering immunological correlates of protection: Lessons from enteric fevers studies.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Salmonella Typhi Shedding and Household Transmission by Children With Blood Culture-Confirmed Typhoid Fever in Vellore, South India.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Comparison of Strategies for Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in India: A Cost-Effectiveness Modeling Study.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Characterization of a new Leishmania major strain for use in a controlled human infection model.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Tenacious Endemic Typhoid Fever in Samoa.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Article
- Exploring the acceptability of controlled human infection with SARSCoV2-a public consultation.BMC medicine · 2020Article
- Designing a typhoid environmental surveillance study: A simulation model for optimum sampling site allocation.Epidemics · 2020Article
- Generating the Evidence for Typhoid Vaccine Introduction: Considerations for Global Disease Burden Estimates and Vaccine Testing Through Human Challenge.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundShedding of Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi in the stool or urine leads to contamination of food or water, which is a prerequisite for transmission of enteric fever. Currently, there are limited data on the effect of vaccination or prior exposure on stool shedding.
methodsSix Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi human challenge studies were conducted between 2011 and 2017. Participants were either unvaccinated or vaccinated with 1 of 4 vaccines: Vi-polysaccharide (Vi-PS), Vi-tetanus-toxoid conjugate vaccine (Vi-TT), live oral Ty21a vaccine, or an experimental vaccine (M01ZH09). Daily stool cultures were collected for 14 days after challenge.
resultsThere were 4934 stool samples collected from 430 volunteers. Participants who received Vi-PS or Vi-TT shed less than unvaccinated participants (odds ratio [OR], 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.77; P = .010 and OR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.19-0.91, P = .029 for Vi-PS and Vi-TT, respectively). Higher anti-Vi immunoglobulin G titers were associated with less shedding of S. Typhi (P < .0001). A nonsignificant reduction in shedding was associated with Ty21a vaccine (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.27-1.20; P = .140). Individuals previously exposed to S. Typhi shed less than previously unexposed individuals (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.1-0.8; P = .016). Shedding of S. Typhi was more common than S. Paratyphi.
conclusionsPrior vaccination with Vi vaccines, or natural infection, reduces onward transmission of S. Typhi. Field trials of Vi-TT should be designed to detect indirect protection, reflecting the consequence of reduced stool shedding observed in the human challenge model.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.