ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2019
Maternal glycemic index and glycemic load in pregnancy and offspring metabolic health in childhood and adolescence-a cohort study of 68,471 mother-offspring dyads from the Danish National Birth Cohort.
Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between metabolic syndrome and gestational diabetes mellitus in women and their children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Endocrine · 2021Pooled it
- Relationship between gestational acrylamide exposure and offspring's growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Public health nutrition · 2020Pooled it
- Associations Between Paternal Pre-Conceptional Body Mass Index and Lifestyle Factors and Offspring Weight Development.Pediatric obesity · 2026Trial
- Effect of a high-protein and low-glycaemic index diet during pregnancy in women with overweight or obesity on offspring metabolic health-A randomized controlled trial.Pediatric obesity · 2025Trial
- Nutritional education on health beliefs, metabolic profiles, and quality of life among high-risk pregnant women for gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Effect of a Low-Glycemic Load Diet Intervention on Maternal and Pregnancy Outcomes in Obese Pregnant Women.Nutrients · 2021Trial
- Periconceptional glycemic index and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus and a large-for-gestational-age infant.Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2026Article
- Association of a high-protein and low-glycemic-index diet during pregnancy with offspring growth and obesity until the age of 18 years - a target trial emulation.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Observational
- Young-onset type 2 diabetes-Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2025Review
- Higher prenatal dietary glycemic index in the third trimester of pregnancy is associated with infant negative affect at 6 months.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dietary glycemic index and load during pregnancy and offspring behavioral outcomes: exploring sex differences.European journal of pediatrics · 2025Observational
- The Role of METS-IR in Early Screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Women: A Two-Center Prospective Study.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025Article
- Precision stratification of prognostic risk factors associated with outcomes in gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Thyroid FT4-to-TSH ratio in the first trimester is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus in women carrying male fetus: a prospective bi-center cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Review
- Associations of dietary glycemic index and load during pregnancy with blood pressure, placental hemodynamic parameters and the risk of gestational hypertensive disorders.European journal of nutrition · 2022Article
- Association of maternal triglyceride responses to thyroid function in early pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Maternal Dietary Quality and Dietary Inflammation Associations with Offspring Growth, Placental Development, and DNA Methylation.Nutrients · 2021Review
- Metabolic flexibility during late pregnancy is associated with neonatal adiposity.Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme · 2021Observational
- No impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy complications in women with PCOS, regardless of GDM criteria used.PloS one · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHigh glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) as indicators of carbohydrate quality and quantity have been found to increase risk of metabolic outcomes in adults. Whether carbohydrate quality may influence metabolic programming already in early life is unknown. We examined the association of maternal GI and GL with offspring body mass index (BMI) in the first 7 years of life among 68,471 mother-offspring dyads from the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). In a sub-cohort of offspring with clinical data (n = 1234) that included 608 dyads exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), we also examined the relation to metabolic health at 9-16 years.
methodsMaternal GI and GL were quantified using a mid-pregnancy food frequency questionnaire. We used birth weight and length to calculate offspring's ponderal index. Age- and sex-specific BMI z scores at 5 mo, 12 mo, and 7 y were standardized against WHO reference data. In the clinical cohort, we quantified body composition, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B. We used multivariable mixed linear and Poisson regression to model the associations.
resultsMedian (IQR) of GI and GL were 83 (63-111) and 241 (180-333) g/day, respectively. We found that GI (Q4 vs. Q1:1.09, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.15) and GL (Q4 vs. Q1:1.10, 95%CI: 1.05, 1.16) modestly increased the relative risk of large-for gestational age (LGA). In the clinical sub-cohort, we observed a potential increase in offspring HOMA-IR, adiposity, and metabolic syndrome z score with higher maternal GI and GI. These associations were stronger among the GDM-exposed offspring, but the CI included the null value.
conclusionWe found associations of GI and GL in pregnancy with offspring LGA. Potential long-term benefits to offspring exposed to GDM need to be confirmed in larger, well-powered studies.
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