ArticleVaccines2018
Immunizing the Immune: Can We Overcome Influenza's Most Formidable Challenge?
Article in Vaccines, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07357467 (Effect of Oral Supplement Intervention on Influenza Vaccine Long-term Efficacy), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Oral Supplement Intervention on Influenza Vaccine Long-term Efficacy: a Follow-up Study
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Functional and Binding H1N1pdm09-Specific Antibody Responses in Occasionally and Repeatedly Vaccinated Healthcare Workers: A Five-Year Study (2009-2014).Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Association Between Immunosuppressive Cell Populations and Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in Younger and Older Adults.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Preexisting IgG forms immune complexes and links local thermal reactogenicity with immunogenicity in influenza vaccination.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Maturation of germinal center B cells after influenza virus vaccination in humans.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- The Negative Effect of Preexisting Immunity on Influenza Vaccine Responses Transcends the Impact of Vaccine Formulation Type and Vaccination History.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- Distinct immunological and molecular signatures underpinning influenza vaccine responsiveness in the elderly.Nature communications · 2022Article
- Can a Two-Dose Influenza Vaccine Regimen Better Protect Older Adults? An Agent-Based Modeling Study.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Model-based inference of neutralizing antibody avidities against influenza virus.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Sex-specific effects of aging on humoral immune responses to repeated influenza vaccination in older adults.NPJ vaccines · 2021Article
- Article
- Adenoviral vector-based platforms for developing effective vaccines to combat respiratory viral infections.Clinical & translational immunology · 2021Review
- The Effects of Imprinting and Repeated Seasonal Influenza Vaccination on Adaptive Immunity after Influenza Vaccination.Vaccines · 2020Article
- Article
- Host immune response-inspired development of the influenza vaccine.Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology · 2020Review
- Evidence That Blunted CD4 T-Cell Responses Underlie Deficient Protective Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccines in Repeatedly Vaccinated Human Subjects.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Recombinant HA-based vaccine outperforms split and subunit vaccines in elicitation of influenza-specific CD4 T cells and CD4 T cell-dependent antibody responses in humans.NPJ vaccines · 2020Article
- The Importance of Vaccinating Children and Pregnant Women against Influenza Virus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- A Complex Dance: Measuring the Multidimensional Worlds of Influenza Virus Evolution and Anti-Influenza Immune Responses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
Abstract
The first human influenza virus was isolated more than 85 years ago, and several vaccine candidates were developed and tested soon after. Yet, controlling infections mediated by this respiratory pathogen continues to present a formidable challenge. Development of an effective influenza vaccine has been undermined by the dynamic nature of influenza viruses: these viruses have the unique capacity to escape pre-existing immunity. In this perspective, I highlight pre-existing immunity as a different, but related, hurdle that may actually lessen the effectiveness of influenza vaccine-induced immune responses. Specifically, I discuss the impact of pre-existing immunity on the generation of de novo B cell responses to influenza vaccination. As the influenza virus changes its major antigenic determinants, it creates new ones in the process. Our immune system adapts by targeting the new determinants. However, pre-existing antibodies and memory B cells interfere with the generation of de novo responses against these newly formed epitopes, rendering vaccines less effective. Overcoming such interference is essential for the development of more effective influenza vaccines.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.