ArticleCancer epidemiology2018
The association between sex and most childhood cancers is not mediated by birthweight.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Developmental determinants of male bias in medulloblastoma.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Nationwide trends in childhood cancer incidence and survival in Iran: analysis of national cancer registry data, 2005-2014.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Birth weight and neonatal morbidity as early-life risk factors for childhood cancer: a nationwide cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Patterns and temporal trends in childhood cancer incidence in northern Ghana: evidence from medical records, 2016 to 2023.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Maternal autoimmune disease and offspring risk of haematological malignancies: a case-control study.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Article
- The association between sex and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Review
- Incidence and Mortality Rates for Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Puerto Rican Hispanics, 2012-2016.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Seasonality of main childhood embryonal tumours and rhabdomyosarcoma, France, 2000-2015.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Loss of Nf1 and Ink4a/Arf Are Associated with Sex-Dependent Growth Differences in a Mouse Model of Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Article
- A protective maternal nutrient concomitant intake associated with acute leukemia might be modified by sex, in children under 2 years.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Sex differences in methylation profiles are apparent in medulloblastoma, particularly among SHH tumors.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Article
- Comparative international incidence of Ewing sarcoma 1988 to 2012.International journal of cancer · 2021Article
- Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma: Epidemiology and Genetic Susceptibility.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Review
- Male Sex and the Risk of Childhood Cancer: The Mediating Effect of Birth Defects.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2020Article
- Survival differences by race/ethnicity among children and adolescents diagnosed with germ cell tumors.International journal of cancer · 2020Article
- Recent advances in understanding and managing pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma.F1000Research · 2020Review
- Sex ratio among childhood cancers by single year of age.Pediatric blood & cancer · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMale sex is associated with an increased risk of childhood cancer as is high birthweight. Given that sex determination precedes birthweight we conducted a mediation analysis to estimate the direct effect of sex in association with childhood cancer tumor type with birthweight as the mediator.
methodsCases (n = 12,632) and controls (n = 64,439) (ages 0-14 years) were identified from population-based cancer and birth registries in Minnesota, New York, and Washington states (1970-2014). An inverse odds weighting (IOW) mediation analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) as the measure of association between sex and cancer.
resultsA significant indirect effect was observed for sex and lymphoid leukemia, mediated by birthweight (indirectOR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.02-1.04). We observed significant direct effects for male sex and lymphoid leukemia (directOR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.08-1.25), Hodgkin lymphoma (directOR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.22-1.81), Burkitt lymphoma (directOR: 5.02; 95% CI: 3.40-7.42), other non-Hodgkin lymphoma (directOR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.18-1.70), intracranial embryonal tumors (directOR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.26-1.76), hepatoblastoma (directOR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.40-2.59), and rhabdomyosarcoma (directOR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.19-1.81). There were also inverse associations for extracranial GCTs (directOR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.26-0.63) and thyroid carcinoma (directOR: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.25-0.50).
conclusionSignificant direct effects for sex and numerous childhood cancer types suggests sex-specific factors such as differences in gene expression from the autosomes or the X chromosome, rather than birthweight, may underlie sex differences in tumor risk.
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