ReviewTransplantation2018
Perspectives on the Optimal Genetically Engineered Pig in 2018 for Initial Clinical Trials of Kidney or Heart Xenotransplantation.
Review in Transplantation, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Towards curing type 1 diabetes: Prospects and challenges of allogeneic or xenogeneic donor islet cell transplantation.World journal of transplantation · 2025Review
- Recent progress in xenotransplantation and its application to pediatric kidney disease.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Review
- Preclinical Evaluation of a Near-Infrared Labelled Antibody Targeting the Tumour Associated Xenoantigen N-Glycolyl-Neuraminic Acid GM3 Ganglioside.Molecular imaging and biology · 2025Article
- Reduction in Xenogeneic Epitopes on Porcine Endothelial Cells by Periodate Oxidation.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- The Evolution of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Pig-to-Nonhuman Primate Organ Transplantation.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2024Review
- Article
- Kidney Xenotransplantation: Are We Ready for Prime Time?Current urology reports · 2023Review
- Cells and Materials for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Article
- Suppression of xenogeneic innate immune response by a membrane-type human surfactant protein-A.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2022Article
- Blastocyst complementation and interspecies chimeras in gene edited pigs.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Review
- Cardiac xenotransplantation: a promising way to treat advanced heart failure.Heart failure reviews · 2022Review
- Initial experimental experience of triple-knockout pig red blood cells as potential sources for transfusion in alloimmunized patients with sickle cell disease.Transfusion · 2021Article
- Histopathology of pig kidney grafts with/without expression of the carbohydrate Neu5Gc in immunosuppressed baboons.Xenotransplantation · 2021Article
- The resurgent landscape of xenotransplantation of pig organs in nonhuman primates.Science China. Life sciences · 2021Review
- The Role of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the Systemic Inflammatory Response in Xenograft Recipients and in Pig Kidney Xenograft Failure.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Xenogeneic and Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases: Genetic Engineering of Porcine Cells and Their Applications in Heart Regeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Clinical Pig Kidney Xenotransplantation: How Close Are We?Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2020Review
- The potential role of 3D-bioprinting in xenotransplantation.Current opinion in organ transplantation · 2019Review
- Xenotransplantation: Current Status in Preclinical Research.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
For a clinical trial today, what might realistically be the optimal pig among those currently available? Deletion of expression of the 3 pig carbohydrate antigens, against which humans have natural (preformed) antibodies (triple-knockout pigs), should form the basis of any clinical trial. However, because both complement and coagulation can be activated in the absence of antibody, the expression of human complement- and coagulation-regulatory proteins is likely to be important in protecting the graft further. Any genetic manipulation that might reduce inflammation of the graft, for example, expression of hemeoxygenase-1 or A20, may also be beneficial to the long-term survival of the graft. The transgene for human CD47 is likely to have a suppressive effect on monocyte/macrophage and T-cell activity. Furthermore, deletion of xenoantigen expression and expression of a human complement-regulatory protein are both associated with a reduced T-cell response. Although there are several other genetic manipulations that may reduce the T-cell response further, it seems likely that exogenous immunosuppressive therapy, particularly if it includes costimulation blockade, will be sufficient. We would therefore suggest that, with our present knowledge and capabilities, the optimal pig might be a triple-knockout pig that expressed 1 or more human complement-regulatory proteins, 1 or more human coagulation-regulatory proteins, a human anti-inflammatory transgene, and CD47. Absent or minimal antibody binding is important, but we suggest that the additional insertion of protective human transgenes will be beneficial, and may be essential.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.