ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2019
Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmania infantum Infection in US Soldiers Deployed to Iraq.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Leishmaniasis in deployed military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Descriptive and molecular epidemiology of leishmaniasis diagnosed from clinical samples in the United States, 2021-2022.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- FDA's proposed rule and its regulatory impact on emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases in the United States.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Review
- Occupational exposure to malaria, leishmaniasis and arbovirus vectors in endemic regions: A systematic review.Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2024Review
- Potential Biomarkers for Asymptomatic Visceral Leishmaniasis among Iraq-Deployed U.S. Military Personnel.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The immune response in canine and human leishmaniasis and how this influences the diagnosis- a review and assessment of recent research.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Article
- Identification of asymptomatic Leishmania infections: a scoping review.Parasites & vectors · 2022Article
- Leishmaniasis: Recent epidemiological studies in the Middle East.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Possibility ofCurrent tropical medicine reports · 2022Review
- Comparison of Three In-House Real PCR Assays Targeting Kinetoplast DNA, the Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene and the Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase Gene for the Detection ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- The human immune response to saliva of Phlebotomus alexandri, the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Iraq, and its relationship to sand fly exposure and infection.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Leishmaniasis in the United States: Emerging Issues in a Region of Low Endemicity.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Evaluation of a kDNA-Based qPCR Assay for the Detection and Quantification of Old WorldMicroorganisms · 2020Article
- One Health Approach to Leishmaniases: Understanding the Disease Dynamics through Diagnostic Tools.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Review
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 7 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL), due to Leishmania infantum, is a persistent intracellular parasitic infection transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. Symptomatic VL has been reported in U.S. soldiers with Iraq deployment. Untreated symptomatic VL can be fatal; asymptomatic VL (AVL) may establish a lifelong risk of reactivation. We report prevalence and AVL risk factors in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) deployers during 2002-11.
methodsHealthy soldiers exposed to VL endemic areas in Iraq and 50 controls who never traveled to endemic regions were recruited through military healthcare facilities (2015-17). Responses to a risk factor survey and blood samples were obtained. Leishmania research diagnostics utilized included enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), rk39 test strips, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and interferon gamma release (IGRA) assays. Statistical analyses included Fisher exact test, Pearson χ2 test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression.
results200 deployed subjects were enrolled, mostly males (84.0%), of white ethnicity (79.0%), and median age 41 (range 24-61) years. 64% were seropositive for Phlebotomus alexandri saliva antibodies. Prevalence of AVL (any positive test result) was 39/200 (19.5%, 95% confidence interval 14.4%-25.8%). Two (1.0%) PCR, 10 (5%) ELISA, and 28 (14%) IGRA samples were positive. Travel to Ninewa governorate increased risk for AVL (P = .01).
conclusionAVL was identified in 19.5% of OIF deployers; travel to northwest Iraq correlated with infection. Further studies are needed to inform risk for reactivation VL in US veterans and to target additional blood safety and surveillance measures.
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