ArticleTobacco regulatory science2017
E-cigarettes Warning Labels and Modified Risk Statements: Tests of Messages to Reduce Recreational Use.
Article in Tobacco regulatory science, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Effect of Conflicting Public Health Guidance on Smokers' and Vapers' E-cigarette Harm Perceptions.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
- Educating the Public on the Health Risks of Very Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes: Results From a US-Based Convenience Sample.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
- Psychological Impact of Ambiguous Health Messages about COVID-19.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2022Trial
- Communicating risk differences between electronic and combusted cigarettes: the role of the FDA-mandated addiction warning and a nicotine fact sheet.Tobacco control · 2020Trial
- Targeted Versus Nontargeted Communication About Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems in Three Smoker Groups.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Health warnings for electronic cigarette packaging: a rapid scoping review.BMC public health · 2026Article
- The Impact of Health Warnings in e-Cigarette Content on Instagram on Adults' e-Cigarette Cognitions: Online Between-Subjects Experiment Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- The Role of e-Cigarette Packaging as a Health Communications Tool: A Focus Group Study With Adolescents and Adults in England and Scotland.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Uncertainty in healthcare and health decision making: Five methodological and conceptual research recommendations from an interdisciplinary team.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2023Review
- Effects of Modified Tobacco Risk Products with Claims and Nicotine Features on Perceptions among Racial and Ethnic Groups.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Perceived threat and fear responses to e-cigarette warning label messages: Results from 16 focus groups with U.S. youth and adults.PloS one · 2023Article
- Presence of Nicotine Warning Statement on US Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Advertisements 6 Months Before and After the August 10, 2018 Effective Date.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Youth and Young Adult-targeted E-cigarette Warnings and Advertising Messages: An Experiment with Young Adults in the US.Journal of health communication · 2022Article
- Exploring the implications of modified risk claim placement in tobacco advertising.Preventive medicine reports · 2021Article
- Characterization of Electronic Cigarette Warning Statements Portrayed in YouTube Videos.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2021Article
- Will E-Cigarette Modified Risk Messages with a Nicotine Warning Polarize Smokers' Beliefs about the Efficacy of Switching Completely to E-Cigarettes in Reducing Smoking-Related Risks?International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- High School Youth and E-cigarettes: The Influence of Modified Risk Statements and Flavors on E-cigarette Packaging.American journal of health behavior · 2020Article
- Testing the Effects of Certain versus Hypothetical Language in Health Risk Messages.Communication monographs · 2020Article
- Exposure to and perceptions of health warning labels on nicotine vaping products: findings from the 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2019Article
- Testing messages about comparative risk of electronic cigarettes and combusted cigarettes.Tobacco control · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe tested how variations of the warning message on e-cigarette packages influenced risk and ambiguity perceptions, and whether including a modified risk statement on the package influenced how the warning label was perceived.
methodA 4 (warning text) × 2 (modified risk statement), plus control, experiment (N = 451) was conducted.
resultsSmoking status, sex, and the language used in the warning statements interacted to influence risk perceptions. For example, non-smoking women perceived e-cigarettes with the FDA text at 30% of the package as riskier than the FDA text at 12-point type. Additionally, including a modified risk statement on the package increased ambiguity among non-smokers, as did an abstract warning label.
conclusionsWhen evaluating the effectiveness of warning label text, it is important to consider smoking status and sex. Additionally, including modified risk statements on the package with the warning label could potentially increase ambiguity among non-smokers.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.