ArticleThe Pediatric infectious disease journal2019
HIV Viremia During Pregnancy and Neurodevelopment of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children in the Context of Universal Antiretroviral Therapy and Breastfeeding: A Prospective Study.
Article in The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2019. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04531618 (Randomized Controlled Trial), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of Two Programs Supporting Early Infant Development Beginning in the Well Baby Nursery Through 4 Months of Age
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Autism outcomes and neurobehavioural markers in young children born to mothers with HIV in Kenya: a protocol for the Alama project.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Structural brain differences in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed uninfected.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Major Factors Contributing to Positive and Negative Childbirth Experiences in Pregnant Women Living with HIV.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cord blood innate-like T cell responses in neonates born to healthy women and women living with HIV.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Neurodevelopmental Risk in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children: Call for Developmental Surveillance.Journal of pediatrics, perinatology and child health · 2025Article
- Language outcomes of preschool children who are HIV-exposed uninfected: An analysis of a South African cohort.PloS one · 2024Article
- Children of a syndemic: co-occurring and mutually reinforcing adverse child health exposures in a prospective cohort of HIV-affected mother-infant dyads in Cape Town, South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Neurodevelopment of children who are HIV-exposed and uninfected in Kenya.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- When and how to intervene to improve the health of children born HIV-free.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Neurodevelopment among children exposed to HIV and uninfected in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Article
- Alcohol use and intimate partner violence in HIV-uninfected pregnant women in Cape Town, South Africa.AIDS care · 2022Article
- Neurocognitive outcomes in Malawian children exposed to malaria during pregnancy: An observational birth cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2021Observational
- Neurodevelopment of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants Born to Women With Perinatally Acquired HIV in the United States.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- Cognitive and Language Development at Age 4-6 Years in Children HIV-Exposed But Uninfected Compared to Those HIV-Unexposed and to Children Living With HIV.New directions for child and adolescent development · 2020Article
- Early child development in children who are HIV-exposed uninfected compared to children who are HIV-unexposed: observational sub-study of a cluster-randomized trial in rural Zimbabwe.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2020Observational
- Contemporary Issues in Pregnancy (and Offspring) in the Current HIV Era.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2019Review
- Growth and Neurodevelopment of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children: a Conceptual Framework.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2019Review
- Comparison of cumulative viraemia following treatment initiation with different antiretroviral regimens: a real-life study in Brazil.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2019Article
- Maternal Factors Associated With Infant Neurodevelopment in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants.Open forum infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Unmasking the vulnerabilities of uninfected children exposed to HIV.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundElevated HIV viral load (VL) in pregnancy has been linked to increased risk of mortality, immunologic abnormalities, infectious morbidity and restricted growth among HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children, but little is known about effects on child development.
methodsHIV-infected women initiating lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART; tenofovir + emtricitabine + efavirenz) antenatally were followed from first antenatal visit through delivery and with their breastfed infants postpartum. Cognitive, motor and expressive language development (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition; delay defined as score <85) were assessed on a subset of HEU infants. HIV VL was measured at ART initiation, in third trimester and around delivery. Cumulative viremia in pregnancy was expressed as log10 VL copies × year/mL [viremia copy-years (VCY)]. Relationships between VCY and development were examined after adjusting for socioeconomic, behavioral and psychosocial confounders.
resultsWomen (median pre-ART log10 VL 4.1, CD4 349 cells/mm) commonly reported adverse social circumstances (44% informal housing, 63% unemployed, 29% risky drinking). Among 214 infants (median age, 13 months; 53% male; 13% born <37 weeks' gestation), viremia predicted lower motor and expressive language, but not cognitive, scores in crude and adjusted analysis [per log10 VCY increase, αβ (95% confidence interval [CI]): motor, -2.94 (-5.77 to -0.11); language, -3.71 (-6.73 to -0.69) and cognitive -2.19 (-5.02 to 0.65)]. Increasing VCY also predicted higher relative odds of motor delay [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.32; 95% CI: 1.36-8.14) and expressive language delay (aOR: 2.79; 95% CI: 1.57-4.94), but not cognitive delay (aOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 0.84-3.34).
conclusionsCumulative maternal HIV viremia in pregnancy may have adverse implications for HEU child development.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.