ReviewObstetrics and gynecology2018
Marijuana Use in Pregnancy and While Breastfeeding.
Review in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 76 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 177 citations in OpenAlex.
- Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Task Force Report: A Systematic Review and Recommendations of Cannabis use in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2023Pooled it
- Clinician responses to cannabis use during pregnancy and lactation: a systematic review and integrative mixed-methods research synthesis.Family practice · 2022Pooled it
- Pregnant People's Perspectives On Cannabis Use During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Integrative Mixed-Methods Research Synthesis.Journal of midwifery & women's health · 2022Pooled it
- Perceptions about cannabis use during pregnancy: a rapid best-framework qualitative synthesis.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2021Pooled it
- Melatonin mitigates hormonal toxicity in cannabis-treated female Wistar rats: involvement of cannabinoid receptor.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- Effects of Breast Milk or Supplemented Formula Milk on Fecal Metabolomic Profile.Current pediatric reviews · 2026Review
- HIV and Pregnancy: Navigating Complex Decision Making and Preventing Perinatal Transmission.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2025Review
- The Impact of Substance Use Disorder and Drug Transfer into Breast Milk: Implications for Maternal and Infant Health.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Pregnancy Care in Times of Cannabis Legalization: Self-Rated Knowledge, Risk Perception and Communication Practices of Midwives in Germany.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Prenatal Cannabis Use and Depressive Symptoms.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Observational
- American Indian women's perceptions of perinatal cannabis use.The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2025Article
- Associations of maternal peripregnancy cannabis use with behavioral and developmental outcomes in children with and without symptoms of autism spectrum disorder: Study to Explore Early Development.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Prenatal environmental exposures and brain development: studies with baboons and other nonhuman primates.Advances in drug and alcohol research · 2025Review
- Article
- The Effect of Cannabis Consumption During Lactation on the Macronutrient Concentrations in Breast Milk.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2025Article
- Impact of Intrauterine Insults on Fetal and Postnatal Cerebellar Development in Humans and Rodents.Cells · 2024Review
- Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Lactation.Cureus · 2024Review
- Cannabis Use during Pregnancy: An Update.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2024Review
- Fetal Cannabinoid Syndrome: Behavioral and Brain Alterations of the Offspring Exposed to Dronabinol during Gestation and Lactation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- A Scoping Review of Preterm Birth Risk Factors.American journal of perinatology · 2024Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The prevalence and perceived safety of marijuana use in pregnancy are increasing with expanding legalization. Marijuana crosses the placenta and passes into breast milk, resulting in fetal and neonatal exposure. Many women cite medical reasons for prenatal marijuana use such as nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, anxiety, and chronic pain. The scientific literature regarding marijuana in pregnancy is mixed, resulting in confusion among practitioners as to how to counsel women about risks of use. In addition, there is a paucity of literature related to marijuana use and breastfeeding. Existing pregnancy studies are predominantly retrospective cohorts with a reliance on self-report for ascertainment of exposure, which underestimates use. Many studies fail to adjust for important confounding factors such as tobacco use and sociodemographic differences. Despite the limitations of the existing evidence, there are animal and human data suggesting potential harm of cannabis use. The harms are biologically plausible given the role of the endocannabinoid system in pregnancy implantation, placentation, and fetal neurologic development. Two recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses found an association between marijuana use and adverse perinatal outcomes, especially with heavy marijuana use. In addition, three longitudinal cohort studies demonstrate a possible effect of prenatal marijuana exposure on long-term neurobehavioral outcomes. Marijuana use may be associated with growth restriction, stillbirth, spontaneous preterm birth, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Therefore, women should be advised to refrain from using marijuana during pregnancy and lactation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.